Bio 255 Exam 2 Questions and Answers

Bio 255 Exam 2 Questions and Answers Tunica Interna Innermost layer of blood vessels. Tunica Media Middle layer made of smooth muscle. Tunica Externa Outermost layer; anchors blood vessels. Conducting Arteries Large diameter arteries with elastic lamina. Distributing Arteries Medium arteries that supply specific organs. Resistance Arteries Small arteries; include arterioles. Vascular Resistance Opposition to blood flow in vessels. Blood Viscosity Thickness of blood affecting flow resistance. Mean Arterial Pressure Average blood pressure during one cardiac cycle. Systolic Pressure Pressure during heart's contraction phase. Diastolic Pressure Pressure during heart's relaxation phase. Pulse Pressure Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. Aneurysm Bulge in blood vessel wall. Thrombus Blood clot blocking a blood vessel. Hypertensive Crisis Sudden rise in blood pressure causing rupture. Primary Lymphatic Organs Where immune cells mature; includes bone marrow. Secondary Lymphatic Organs Where mature lymphocytes interact with antigens. Capillary Filtration Process leading to fluid accumulation in tissues. Edema Accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces. Lymphatic Vessels Transport lymph from tissues to blood. Right Lymphatic Duct Drains lymph from right side of body. Lymphatic Capillaries Small vessels that collect interstitial fluid. Afferent Lymphatic Vessels Carry lymph to lymph nodes. Efferent Lymphatic Vessels Carry lymph away from lymph nodes. Lymphatic Sinuses Spaces in lymph nodes for lymph filtration. Lymph Nodes Encapsulated structures filtering lymph fluid. MALT Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in various organs. Arterioles Smallest arteries by diameter; slightly larger than the diameter of one red blood cell; attached to the capillary beds; pre-capillary sphincter (chemoreceptor for oxygen) used to control blood flow through the systemic capillary. Tunica media The middle layer of a blood vessel where elastic fibers and smooth muscle are found. Elastic artery example Aorta Pre-capillary sphincter response Increased metabolic demand which is when the tissue requires more oxygen and nutrients. Pre-capillary sphincter relaxation causes Increased CO2, Increased lactic acid, and decreased oxygen levels. Capillary bed diameter Roughly the size of a single erythrocyte. Unpaired branches off abdominal aorta Celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery. Paired branches off abdominal aorta 1. Inferior phrenic arteries, 2. Lumbar arteries, 3. 3 renal arteries, 4. Gonadal arteries, 5. Common iliac arteries. Tunica regulating diameter Tunica media Tunica known as endothelium Tunica interna Tunica made of simple squamous epithelium Tunica intima Atherosclerosis A condition that can cause arteries to get thicker or harden due to plaque buildup in the inner lining. Continuous capillary filtration Filters gas, water, glucose, and hormones. Fenestrated capillary filtration Allows large molecules or proteins to pass from blood and into organs and glands. Sinusoidal capillary filtration Filters red/white blood cells, plasma proteins, and clotting factors. Carotid bodies function Monitors blood pH and is a chemoreceptor. Carotid Sinus function Monitors and adjusts blood pressure; is a Baroreceptor. Aortic Bodies function Monitors blood pH and is a chemoreceptor. Vasodilation effect Increase blood flow. Pulmonary arteries Deoxygenated Blood. Umbilical artery Deoxygenated Blood. Umbilical vein Oxygenated Blood. Hepatic vein Deoxygenated Blood. Subclavian artery Oxygenated Blood. Mean arterial BP increase factors Increased HR, Increased ventricular contraction, Decreased vasovagal tone, Increasing cardiac output. Mean arterial BP decrease factors Systemic vasodilation, Decreased blood viscosity. Equation for MAP (systolic-diastolic)/3 + diastolic = Mean Arterial Pressure. Factors influencing vascular resistance Blood viscosity, Vessel length, Vessel diameter. Blood colloid osmotic pressure creator Proteins in the blood plasma, mainly albumin. Highest volume of blood location In the veins, particularly the systemic veins and venules. Structure monitoring blood pressure Carotid sinus. Variables resulting in decreased blood pressure Decreased blood volume, Vasodilation, Parasympathetic innervation. Blood flow from common carotid artery Internal carotid artery. Layer touching blood and acting as permeable membrane Tunica interna. Types of capillaries with uninterrupted lining Continuous capillaries. Tunica interna The innermost layer of a blood vessel. Continuous capillaries Capillaries that create an uninterrupted lining that allows the passage of small substances via simple diffusion. Brachial artery An artery commonly used to measure blood pressure. Oxygenated blood vessels Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood, including the Aorta, Pulmonary veins, and Radial artery. Vessel radius A peripheral resistance factor that can be controlled quickly to adjust blood flow. Colloid osmotic pressure The force that draws fluid back into the capillary at the venous end. Intramembranous ossification A process that replaces a connective tissue membrane with bone. Endosteum The fibrous covering on the internal surface of bone, lining the medullary cavity. Maxilla A bone that is not part of the appendicular skeleton. Gomphosis The specific type of fibrous joint between teeth and their socket. Diarthrosis The functional classification of the shoulder joint. Stratum corneum The layer of the epidermis that forms calluses in response to abrasion and repetitive friction. Osteoblasts Bone cells responsible for secreting the matrix of osseous tissue. Calcium and phosphorus Two of the main minerals found in bone matrix. Metaphysis Contains the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) of a long bone. Epiphysis The ends of the bone. Periosteum The fibrous covering on the external surface of bone. Diaphysis Stores yellow bone marrow and contains the medullary cavity. Enlarged, painless, firm lymph nodes A likely finding when palpating the patient's lymph nodes in early stages of Hodgkin's disease. Right lymphatic duct Drains lymph from the right thorax and right ear. Secondary lymphatic organs Organs such as the Spleen and Tonsils that support immune cell interaction and activation. Lymphatic capillaries The structure that excess fluid recovered from tissues will enter first.