PSYC 290 EXAM PREP UNITS 1-10 QUIZZES FULLY DETAILED AND
VERIFIED WITH COMPLETE ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
1. William James: founder of functionalism; 'stream of consciousness"
2. John B Watson: founder of behaviourism; observable behaviours; influenced by
environment; scientific approach; rise in animal research; stimulus-response research; Little Albert
3. Six major contemporary theoretical perspectives: Behavioural: observable
stimulus-re- sponse
Psychoanalytic: unconscious drives behaviour, early childhood
experiences Humanistic: free will and personal potential, unique
Cognitive: mental processes; acquired, stored,
processed Biological: physiological influences; structures,
biochemical Evolutionary: traits that encourage survival
4. Positive psychology: Martin Seligman; positive, adaptive, creative, fulfilling
5. Seven major areas in psychology: 1. Developmental: lifespan
2. Social: interpersonal behaviour; social forces
3. Experimental: traditional core topics
4. Physiological: genetic factors; other body systems
5. Cognitive: higher mental processes; memory, reasoning, language, problem-solving)
6. Personality: consistency iand factors
7. Psychometrics: measurement
6. Three goals of the scientific enterprise: Measurement and
description Understanding and prediction
Application and control
* clarity and precision/ relative intolerance of error
7. Theory: explain a set of observations; testable; constructed in steps: theory is developed,
hypothesis is developed, empirical research
8. Descriptive / correlational method: when variables cannot be manipulated:
naturalistic observa- tion, case-studies, surveys
9. Statistics: - descriptive: organize, summarize data
-inferential: interpret data, draw conclusions
Central tendency - what constitutes a typical or average
score Three measures of central tendency are:
,PSYC 290 EXAM PREP UNITS 1-10 QUIZZES FULLY DETAILED AND
VERIFIED WITH COMPLETE ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
Median - exact middle
Mean - calculated average (generally most useful but can also be influenced by extreme scores in which
case median is better)
Mode - most frequent
Frequency distribution - frequency of scores
Symmetrical frequency distribution - when measures of central tendency fall
together Neg skewed distribution - scores pile up on high end
Pos skewed distribution - scores pile up on low end
Variability - how much scores ditter from each other and the mean
Standard deviation - the index of the amount of variability in a set of data (large = greater variability, sm
= lower variability)
Relative measures - how people compare to one another
Percentile score - percentage of people who score at or below a particular score (ex. if score is 10% that
means that 10% score same or below you, means you did poorly because 90% scored above you
10. Ethical guidelines for research in Canada: - respect for the dignity of all
persons
-responsible caring
-integrity in relationships
-responsibility to society
11. Psychological tests: Mental ability tests:
-intelligence: general
-aptitude: specific
-achievement: mastery/knowledge of various subjects
Personality tests
-scales; not right or wrong; motives, interests, etc
12. Test norms: where a score ranks in relation to other scores on that test
13. Reliability: consistency of measurement; closer to +1.00 the more reliable it is; checked b
test-retest
,PSYC 290 EXAM PREP UNITS 1-10 QUIZZES FULLY DETAILED AND
VERIFIED WITH COMPLETE ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
14. Criterion validity: predict performance; how scores correlate to concrete experience or
to another trait
, PSYC 290 EXAM PREP UNITS 1-10 QUIZZES FULLY DETAILED AND
VERIFIED WITH COMPLETE ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
15. Construct validity: extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to
measure; abstract quality such as creativity
16. Intelligence testing: Galton - children; focus on genetic inheritance; measuring simple
sensory processes; little success; created interest
Binet - children; abstract reasoning skills; predicted school success well; "mental age"; evolved to the
Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale; IQ is a child's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 1
Wechsler; adults; two major innovations: included non-verbal reasoning, scoring scheme based on normal
distribution
-have adequate reliability; correlated around 0.90's
-have reasonable validity when used to measure academic potential; correlated 0.40-0.70;
-only test verbal intelligence; not practical or social intelligence
-heritability ratio is 60% and 40% due to environmental factors; group stat, cannot be applied to individua
17. Factor analysis: clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify ditterent
dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score
18. Fluid intelligence: reasoning ability, memory capacity, speed of information processin
19. Normal distribution: symmetric, bell-shaped curve, represents the pattern in which
many characteristics are dispersed in the population
20. Standard deviation: an index of the amount of variability (how much they vary from
the mean and from each other) in a set of data
-mean of the distribution is set at 100 and the standard deviation is set at 15
-giftedness 130 and above; disability 70 and below; majority are mild
21. Reaction range: Sandra Scarr; genetically determined limits on IQ
22. Sternberg Triachic Theory of Human Intelligence: 1) Contextual
Subtheory: intelligence is a culturally defined concept
2) Experiential Subtheory: relationship between experience and
intelligence Two factors:
a) ability to deal ettectively with novelty
b) ability to learn how to handle familiar tasks automatically and ettortlessly
VERIFIED WITH COMPLETE ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
1. William James: founder of functionalism; 'stream of consciousness"
2. John B Watson: founder of behaviourism; observable behaviours; influenced by
environment; scientific approach; rise in animal research; stimulus-response research; Little Albert
3. Six major contemporary theoretical perspectives: Behavioural: observable
stimulus-re- sponse
Psychoanalytic: unconscious drives behaviour, early childhood
experiences Humanistic: free will and personal potential, unique
Cognitive: mental processes; acquired, stored,
processed Biological: physiological influences; structures,
biochemical Evolutionary: traits that encourage survival
4. Positive psychology: Martin Seligman; positive, adaptive, creative, fulfilling
5. Seven major areas in psychology: 1. Developmental: lifespan
2. Social: interpersonal behaviour; social forces
3. Experimental: traditional core topics
4. Physiological: genetic factors; other body systems
5. Cognitive: higher mental processes; memory, reasoning, language, problem-solving)
6. Personality: consistency iand factors
7. Psychometrics: measurement
6. Three goals of the scientific enterprise: Measurement and
description Understanding and prediction
Application and control
* clarity and precision/ relative intolerance of error
7. Theory: explain a set of observations; testable; constructed in steps: theory is developed,
hypothesis is developed, empirical research
8. Descriptive / correlational method: when variables cannot be manipulated:
naturalistic observa- tion, case-studies, surveys
9. Statistics: - descriptive: organize, summarize data
-inferential: interpret data, draw conclusions
Central tendency - what constitutes a typical or average
score Three measures of central tendency are:
,PSYC 290 EXAM PREP UNITS 1-10 QUIZZES FULLY DETAILED AND
VERIFIED WITH COMPLETE ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
Median - exact middle
Mean - calculated average (generally most useful but can also be influenced by extreme scores in which
case median is better)
Mode - most frequent
Frequency distribution - frequency of scores
Symmetrical frequency distribution - when measures of central tendency fall
together Neg skewed distribution - scores pile up on high end
Pos skewed distribution - scores pile up on low end
Variability - how much scores ditter from each other and the mean
Standard deviation - the index of the amount of variability in a set of data (large = greater variability, sm
= lower variability)
Relative measures - how people compare to one another
Percentile score - percentage of people who score at or below a particular score (ex. if score is 10% that
means that 10% score same or below you, means you did poorly because 90% scored above you
10. Ethical guidelines for research in Canada: - respect for the dignity of all
persons
-responsible caring
-integrity in relationships
-responsibility to society
11. Psychological tests: Mental ability tests:
-intelligence: general
-aptitude: specific
-achievement: mastery/knowledge of various subjects
Personality tests
-scales; not right or wrong; motives, interests, etc
12. Test norms: where a score ranks in relation to other scores on that test
13. Reliability: consistency of measurement; closer to +1.00 the more reliable it is; checked b
test-retest
,PSYC 290 EXAM PREP UNITS 1-10 QUIZZES FULLY DETAILED AND
VERIFIED WITH COMPLETE ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
14. Criterion validity: predict performance; how scores correlate to concrete experience or
to another trait
, PSYC 290 EXAM PREP UNITS 1-10 QUIZZES FULLY DETAILED AND
VERIFIED WITH COMPLETE ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
15. Construct validity: extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to
measure; abstract quality such as creativity
16. Intelligence testing: Galton - children; focus on genetic inheritance; measuring simple
sensory processes; little success; created interest
Binet - children; abstract reasoning skills; predicted school success well; "mental age"; evolved to the
Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale; IQ is a child's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 1
Wechsler; adults; two major innovations: included non-verbal reasoning, scoring scheme based on normal
distribution
-have adequate reliability; correlated around 0.90's
-have reasonable validity when used to measure academic potential; correlated 0.40-0.70;
-only test verbal intelligence; not practical or social intelligence
-heritability ratio is 60% and 40% due to environmental factors; group stat, cannot be applied to individua
17. Factor analysis: clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify ditterent
dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score
18. Fluid intelligence: reasoning ability, memory capacity, speed of information processin
19. Normal distribution: symmetric, bell-shaped curve, represents the pattern in which
many characteristics are dispersed in the population
20. Standard deviation: an index of the amount of variability (how much they vary from
the mean and from each other) in a set of data
-mean of the distribution is set at 100 and the standard deviation is set at 15
-giftedness 130 and above; disability 70 and below; majority are mild
21. Reaction range: Sandra Scarr; genetically determined limits on IQ
22. Sternberg Triachic Theory of Human Intelligence: 1) Contextual
Subtheory: intelligence is a culturally defined concept
2) Experiential Subtheory: relationship between experience and
intelligence Two factors:
a) ability to deal ettectively with novelty
b) ability to learn how to handle familiar tasks automatically and ettortlessly
