ASU ESQUEDA BIO 181 UNIT 1 DEFINATIONS
VERIFIED 100% CORRECT 2026/2027 UPDATED.
vacuoles - ANSWER more common in plants and fungi, enclosed compartment filled
with water containing molecules
function of vacuoles - ANSWER storage of food, water, waste, salts, and pigments
chloroplast - ANSWER conduct photosynthesis, amino acid synthesis and immune
response in plants
cytoskeleton - ANSWER A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell
to keep its shape, and aids in movement
Microtubules - ANSWER Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike
structure
Microfilaments - ANSWER Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support
of the cell
intermediate filaments - ANSWER Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are
roughly twice as thick as microfilaments
integral proteins - ANSWER penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer
peripheral proteins - ANSWER bound to the surface of the membrane
alpha helix structure - ANSWER hydrophilic backbone of the protein, hydrophobic side
chains protrude outward from the helix
what can pass through the semi permeable membrane - ANSWER small, uncharged
molecules
active transport - ANSWER cell uses energy, in the form of ATP, to move molecules
across the membrane against their concentration gradient
passive transport - ANSWER cell does not use energy to move molecules across the
membrane with their concentration gradient
concentration gradient - ANSWER the difference in the concentrations between the two
membrane sides
Diffusion - ANSWER process of random movement towards equilibrium
, diffusion rates depend on - ANSWER diameter of transported molecules, temperature
of the solution, electrochemical gradient
membrane potential - ANSWER charge imbalance across a membrane
membrane poteins - ANSWER basis channels, facilitated diffusion and active transport
selective permeability - ANSWER some substances cross a membrane more easily
than other substances do
channel proteins - ANSWER provide corridors that allow a specific molecule or ion to
cross the membrane
ion channels - ANSWER channel proteins that transport ions, most are gates
carrier proteins - ANSWER transport polar molecules such as glucose across
membranes in both directions
primary active transport - ANSWER requires direct energy investment, EX hydrolysis of
ATP, moves molecules against their concentration gradient
secondary active transport - ANSWER energy comes from an ion concentration
gradient that is established by primary active transport, moves molecules against their
concentration gradient
sodium-potassium pump - ANSWER primary active transport, integral protein in the
membrane
Uniporter - ANSWER carries one specific ion or molecule
symporter - ANSWER carries two different ions or molecules, both in the same
direction
antiporter - ANSWER transporter that carries two ions or small molecules in different
directions
osmosis - ANSWER diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane, flows
from high concentration to low concentration
isotonic - ANSWER equivalent solute concentration
hypertonic - ANSWER concentrated solutes outside
hypotonic - ANSWER concentrated solutes inside
Aquaporins - ANSWER water channel proteins
VERIFIED 100% CORRECT 2026/2027 UPDATED.
vacuoles - ANSWER more common in plants and fungi, enclosed compartment filled
with water containing molecules
function of vacuoles - ANSWER storage of food, water, waste, salts, and pigments
chloroplast - ANSWER conduct photosynthesis, amino acid synthesis and immune
response in plants
cytoskeleton - ANSWER A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell
to keep its shape, and aids in movement
Microtubules - ANSWER Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike
structure
Microfilaments - ANSWER Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support
of the cell
intermediate filaments - ANSWER Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are
roughly twice as thick as microfilaments
integral proteins - ANSWER penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer
peripheral proteins - ANSWER bound to the surface of the membrane
alpha helix structure - ANSWER hydrophilic backbone of the protein, hydrophobic side
chains protrude outward from the helix
what can pass through the semi permeable membrane - ANSWER small, uncharged
molecules
active transport - ANSWER cell uses energy, in the form of ATP, to move molecules
across the membrane against their concentration gradient
passive transport - ANSWER cell does not use energy to move molecules across the
membrane with their concentration gradient
concentration gradient - ANSWER the difference in the concentrations between the two
membrane sides
Diffusion - ANSWER process of random movement towards equilibrium
, diffusion rates depend on - ANSWER diameter of transported molecules, temperature
of the solution, electrochemical gradient
membrane potential - ANSWER charge imbalance across a membrane
membrane poteins - ANSWER basis channels, facilitated diffusion and active transport
selective permeability - ANSWER some substances cross a membrane more easily
than other substances do
channel proteins - ANSWER provide corridors that allow a specific molecule or ion to
cross the membrane
ion channels - ANSWER channel proteins that transport ions, most are gates
carrier proteins - ANSWER transport polar molecules such as glucose across
membranes in both directions
primary active transport - ANSWER requires direct energy investment, EX hydrolysis of
ATP, moves molecules against their concentration gradient
secondary active transport - ANSWER energy comes from an ion concentration
gradient that is established by primary active transport, moves molecules against their
concentration gradient
sodium-potassium pump - ANSWER primary active transport, integral protein in the
membrane
Uniporter - ANSWER carries one specific ion or molecule
symporter - ANSWER carries two different ions or molecules, both in the same
direction
antiporter - ANSWER transporter that carries two ions or small molecules in different
directions
osmosis - ANSWER diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane, flows
from high concentration to low concentration
isotonic - ANSWER equivalent solute concentration
hypertonic - ANSWER concentrated solutes outside
hypotonic - ANSWER concentrated solutes inside
Aquaporins - ANSWER water channel proteins
