PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM (2025) STUDY GUIDE – COMPLETE REVIEW FROM ALL TESTS GRADED A+

MINDPLUG SOLUTIONS — EMPOWERING MINDS, BUILDING FUTURES


PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM (2025) STUDY
GUIDE – COMPLETE REVIEW FROM ALL TESTS
GRADED A+
What three things are classified as carbohydrates?

sugars, starches. cellulose




_______ and _______ are sources of energy for cells. _________ is a structural component of
cells.

sugars and starches; cellulose




Mono, di, and polysaccharides are all what? Give an example of each.

a. monosaccharide: one sugar unit; example glucose

b. disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides; example maltose

c. Polysaccharide: 3 or more monosachrides ; example amylose starch




Monosaccharides: one _______ unit. Name the two types and what they are used for.

a. one sugar

b. Type One: hexos (6 carbons) used for energy; 3 kinds-> glucose, galactose, fructose

c. Type Two: pentos (5 carbons) used for DNA; two kinds-> deoxyribose, ribose




Disaccharides are composed of what. How do they form? Name three types and what they
are composed of.

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a. composed of two monosaccharides

b. formed through condensation reactions

c. Type One: Maltose (Glucose + Glucose)

d. Type Two: Lactose (Glucose +Galactose)

e. Type Three: Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose)




Polysaccharides are more than two what? They can store _____ or provide structure.

monosaccharide; energy




List the three main types of polysaccharides:

starch, glycogen, cellulose




Starch-> polysaccharide (used for _________)

i. Polymer of ___________

ii. Main storage carb for what?

iii. Amylose is ____________

--->Explain relationship between amylose and amylase:

iv. Amylopectin is unbranched

Used for energy.

i. Polymer of glucose

ii. Main storage carb for plants

iii. Amylose is branched



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--->Explain relationship between amylose and amylase: amylose is the protein, amylase is
the enzyme used to catalyze the breakdown of amylose,

iv. Amylopectin is unbranched




Glycogen-> polysaccharide (used for _______)

i. "________ _______"

ii. Main storage carb for ___________

iii. Stored mainly in what two places?

Used for energy.

‘’




Cellulose-> polysaccharide (used for ___________)

i. Not used for ________

ii. Used in what?

iii. Very fibrous and ________

--> Explain how termites live off of wood:

Used for structure

i. Not used for energy

ii. Used in what? Cell wall of plants

iii. Very fibrous and strong

--> Explain how termites live off of wood: protists in their stomach can break down the
cellulose




Name the three modified/complex carbs (polysachharides) :
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glucosamine, galactosimine, glycoproteins/ Glycolipids




modified/complex carbs:

Glucosamine -->

i. Extremely hard polymer of:

ii. Found in what:

i. Extremely hard polymer of: amino sugars

ii. Found in what: anthropoid exoskeletons, and bones




modified/complex carbs:

Galactosimine -->

i. Polymer of :

ii. Found in what?

i. Polymer of : amino sugars

ii. Found in what? Cartilage




modified/complex carbs:

Glycoproteins and Glycolipids

i. Polymer of what and what?

ii. Important molecule in what?

i. Polymer of what and what? Proteins and lipids

ii. Important molecule in what? Cell membranes



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