Nightingale College Pathophysiology Midterm with all
Correct & 100% Verified Answers |Latest Version|
Already Graded A+
Pathophysiology ✔Correct Answer-The study of the underlying changes in body physiology
(molecular, cellular, and organ systems) that result from disease or injury.
Pathology ✔Correct Answer-The investigation of structural alterations in cells, tissues, and organs,
which can help identify the cause of a particular disease.
Diagnosis ✔Correct Answer-The naming or identification of a disease - is made from an evaluation
of the evidence accumulated from the presenting signs and symptoms, health and medical history,
physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging.
Etiology ✔Correct Answer-The study of the CAUSE of disease
Epidemiology ✔Correct Answer-The study of tracking patterns or disease occurrence and
transmission among populations and by geographic areas
Nucleus ✔Correct Answer-Controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and
metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information
Cytoplasm ✔Correct Answer-An aqueous solution. The medium for chemical reaction. It provides a
platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell. All of the functions for cell
expansion, growth and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell.
Ribosomes ✔Correct Answer-Provide sites for cellular protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic Reticulum ✔Correct Answer-Specializes in synthesis, folding, and transport of protein
and lipid components of most organelles. A new role is sensing cellular stress.
Golgi apparatus ✔Correct Answer-Responsible for processing and packaging proteins onto
secretory vesicles that break away from the complex and migrate to various intracellular and
extracellular destinations, including plasma membrane.
Lysosomes ✔Correct Answer-Contain enzymes for digesting most cellular substances to their basic
form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates (sugars).
Peroxisomes ✔Correct Answer-Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide,
and other harmful chemicals
Mitochondria ✔Correct Answer-Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production
Cytoskeleton ✔Correct Answer-Network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell
maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement
, Plasma Membrane ✔Correct Answer-The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a
selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition.
Signaling processes ✔Correct Answer-1. They display plasma membrane-bound signaling
molecules (receptors) that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact
2. They affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to enter the cell to
bind to them
3. They form protein channels (gap junctions) that directly coordinate the activities of adjacent cells
Adaptive cellular mechanism - Atrophy: ✔Correct Answer-Decrease in cell size
Adaptive cellular mechanism - Hypertrophy: ✔Correct Answer-Increase in cell size
Adaptive cellular mechanism - Hyperplasia: ✔Correct Answer-Increase in cell number
Adaptive cellular mechanism - Metaplasia: ✔Correct Answer-Reversible replacement of one
mature cell type by another, less mature cell type or a change in cell phenotype
Adaptive cellular mechanism - Dysplasia: ✔Correct Answer-Deranged cellular growth, is not
considered a true cellular adaptation but rather atypical hyperplasia
Dominant and recessive ✔Correct Answer-Dominant: The allele whose effects are observable
Recessive: The allele whose effects are hidden
DNA ✔Correct Answer-Directs the synthesis of all the body's proteins
DNA Structure - 3 basic components: ✔Correct Answer-1. The five-carbon monosaccharide
deoxyribose
2. A phosphate molecule
3. Four types of nitrogenous bases
Mutations ✔Correct Answer-Any alteration of genetic material
Genotype ✔Correct Answer-The composition of genes at a given locus
Phenotype ✔Correct Answer-The outward appearance of an individual, which is the result of both
genotype and environment
Alleles ✔Correct Answer-Different forms of a gene
Genes ✔Correct Answer-DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary
transmission.
Heterozygous ✔Correct Answer-When the alleles are not identical
Homozygous ✔Correct Answer-having two identical alleles for a trait
Correct & 100% Verified Answers |Latest Version|
Already Graded A+
Pathophysiology ✔Correct Answer-The study of the underlying changes in body physiology
(molecular, cellular, and organ systems) that result from disease or injury.
Pathology ✔Correct Answer-The investigation of structural alterations in cells, tissues, and organs,
which can help identify the cause of a particular disease.
Diagnosis ✔Correct Answer-The naming or identification of a disease - is made from an evaluation
of the evidence accumulated from the presenting signs and symptoms, health and medical history,
physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging.
Etiology ✔Correct Answer-The study of the CAUSE of disease
Epidemiology ✔Correct Answer-The study of tracking patterns or disease occurrence and
transmission among populations and by geographic areas
Nucleus ✔Correct Answer-Controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and
metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information
Cytoplasm ✔Correct Answer-An aqueous solution. The medium for chemical reaction. It provides a
platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell. All of the functions for cell
expansion, growth and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell.
Ribosomes ✔Correct Answer-Provide sites for cellular protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic Reticulum ✔Correct Answer-Specializes in synthesis, folding, and transport of protein
and lipid components of most organelles. A new role is sensing cellular stress.
Golgi apparatus ✔Correct Answer-Responsible for processing and packaging proteins onto
secretory vesicles that break away from the complex and migrate to various intracellular and
extracellular destinations, including plasma membrane.
Lysosomes ✔Correct Answer-Contain enzymes for digesting most cellular substances to their basic
form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates (sugars).
Peroxisomes ✔Correct Answer-Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide,
and other harmful chemicals
Mitochondria ✔Correct Answer-Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production
Cytoskeleton ✔Correct Answer-Network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell
maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement
, Plasma Membrane ✔Correct Answer-The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a
selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition.
Signaling processes ✔Correct Answer-1. They display plasma membrane-bound signaling
molecules (receptors) that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact
2. They affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to enter the cell to
bind to them
3. They form protein channels (gap junctions) that directly coordinate the activities of adjacent cells
Adaptive cellular mechanism - Atrophy: ✔Correct Answer-Decrease in cell size
Adaptive cellular mechanism - Hypertrophy: ✔Correct Answer-Increase in cell size
Adaptive cellular mechanism - Hyperplasia: ✔Correct Answer-Increase in cell number
Adaptive cellular mechanism - Metaplasia: ✔Correct Answer-Reversible replacement of one
mature cell type by another, less mature cell type or a change in cell phenotype
Adaptive cellular mechanism - Dysplasia: ✔Correct Answer-Deranged cellular growth, is not
considered a true cellular adaptation but rather atypical hyperplasia
Dominant and recessive ✔Correct Answer-Dominant: The allele whose effects are observable
Recessive: The allele whose effects are hidden
DNA ✔Correct Answer-Directs the synthesis of all the body's proteins
DNA Structure - 3 basic components: ✔Correct Answer-1. The five-carbon monosaccharide
deoxyribose
2. A phosphate molecule
3. Four types of nitrogenous bases
Mutations ✔Correct Answer-Any alteration of genetic material
Genotype ✔Correct Answer-The composition of genes at a given locus
Phenotype ✔Correct Answer-The outward appearance of an individual, which is the result of both
genotype and environment
Alleles ✔Correct Answer-Different forms of a gene
Genes ✔Correct Answer-DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary
transmission.
Heterozygous ✔Correct Answer-When the alleles are not identical
Homozygous ✔Correct Answer-having two identical alleles for a trait
