ISS 310 Midterm Study Guide Questions and Answers Already Passed

ISS 310 Midterm Study Guide Questions and Answers Already Passed 1. What is the central argument of Karl Popper's The Poverty of Historicism? - Answers Historicism is not viewed kindly; any attempt to predict the future is flawed. 1. According to Popper, why is historicism flawed as a methodology? - Answers It misunderstands social sciences; can't be fixed. 1. What role does Popper believe the scientific method plays in the study of society? - Answers Focus on prediction rather than falsifiability. What does Popper mean by the term "piecemeal social engineering"? - Answers Gradual and incremental changes by trial and error. 1. How does Popper suggest we should approach social change? - Answers By making small incremental changes. 1. What is the main argument of Haidt and Lukianoff in "Why It's a Bad Idea to Tell Students Words Are Violence"? - Answers A counter to another article that argues that controversial speakers should be banned from campus. 1. According to Haidt and Lukianoff, what is one negative consequence of teaching students that words are a form of violence? - Answers It makes students more anxious and less resilient by reinforcing cognitive distortions, such as catastrophizing and emotional reasoning. 1. What psychological concept do the authors use to explain why avoiding difficult ideas can be harmful? - Answers Individuals grow stronger by facing adversity; avoiding difficult ideas deprives students of the opportunity to develop resilience. 1. What do Haidt and Lukianoff say about the relationship between speech and physical violence? - Answers Implications of the word violence and that free speech is a cure for violence. 1. What impact do the authors argue speech restrictions have on academic environments? - Answers They harm academic environments by limiting open debate, discouraging intellectual diversity, and fostering a culture of fear. 1. How do Haidt and Lukianoff connect their argument to cognitive distortions? - Answers Viewing words as violence reinforces cognitive distortions like catastrophizing and emotional reasoning. 1. What do the authors propose as a healthier alternative to viewing words as violence? - Answers Authors advocate for aligned 1st amendment; offensive speech is words rather than violence. 1. According to Haidt and Lukianoff, what happens when people are shielded from offensive speech? - Answers Makes people more fragile, less capable of handling adversity, and increases polarization and hostility in society. How do the authors use research on childhood development to support their argument? - Answers Children need to face challenges to develop resilience; overprotecting children weakens their ability to cope with adversity. 1. What is one recommendation Haidt and Lukianoff make for universities? - Answers Universities should foster an intellectual climate that advocates true statements rather than false. 1. What is the main argument in Abortion Rights Are Health Care Rights by Xing et al. (2023)? - Answers Medical professionals should continue to evaluate bias and provide patient-based evidence on abortion care. According to the article, what is one significant health risk associated with restricting access to abortion services? - Answers Maternal mortality will increase 21% without abortions. How do the authors describe the relationship between abortion rights and overall health care rights? - Answers Reports of patients being denied health care items with multiple uses regarding abortion will be banned; abortion rights are health care rights. What historical perspective do Xing et al. provide to emphasize the long-standing connection between abortion and health care? - Answers Health care rights that allow individuals to make choices regarding abortion.