NSG 3280 (Patho): EXAM 1 Chapter 4
Pages 62-79 NCLEX Style Questions
with Correct Answers. Latest 2025-
2026. Graded A
A 65-year-old patient has an enlarged prostate due to an increase in the
number of cells. This is an example of:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Atrophy - ANSAnswer: B
Rationale: Hyperplasia refers to an increase in the number of cells, often
seen in tissues with high regenerative capacity.
A patient with prolonged exposure to a toxic substance is at risk for which
cellular adaptation?
A. Metaplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Necrosis
D. Atrophy - ANSAnswer: A
Rationale: Prolonged exposure to toxins can cause metaplasia, where one
cell type changes to another more resilient type.
Atrophy is characterized by which of the following?
A. Increased cell number
1
, B. Increased cell size
C. Decreased cell size and function
D. Replacement of one cell type with another - ANSAnswer: C
Rationale: Atrophy is a reduction in cell size and functional capacity, often
due to decreased workload, disuse, or inadequate nutrition.
During ischemia, a lack of oxygen primarily affects which organelle?
A. Lysosome
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Mitochondria
D. Ribosome - ANSAnswer: C
Rationale: The mitochondria are responsible for producing ATP through
oxidative phosphorylation, and a lack of oxygen during ischemia disrupts
this process.
What happens to intracellular calcium levels during ischemic injury?
A. Decrease due to membrane stability
B. Increase, leading to enzyme activation
C. Remain unchanged
D. Decrease due to apoptosis - ANSAnswer: B
Rationale: Ischemia causes calcium influx into cells, which activates
enzymes that damage cell membranes, proteins, and DNA.
What is a common cause of fatty liver (steatosis)?
A. Protein deficiency
B. Chronic alcohol consumption
C. Increased apoptosis
2
Pages 62-79 NCLEX Style Questions
with Correct Answers. Latest 2025-
2026. Graded A
A 65-year-old patient has an enlarged prostate due to an increase in the
number of cells. This is an example of:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Atrophy - ANSAnswer: B
Rationale: Hyperplasia refers to an increase in the number of cells, often
seen in tissues with high regenerative capacity.
A patient with prolonged exposure to a toxic substance is at risk for which
cellular adaptation?
A. Metaplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Necrosis
D. Atrophy - ANSAnswer: A
Rationale: Prolonged exposure to toxins can cause metaplasia, where one
cell type changes to another more resilient type.
Atrophy is characterized by which of the following?
A. Increased cell number
1
, B. Increased cell size
C. Decreased cell size and function
D. Replacement of one cell type with another - ANSAnswer: C
Rationale: Atrophy is a reduction in cell size and functional capacity, often
due to decreased workload, disuse, or inadequate nutrition.
During ischemia, a lack of oxygen primarily affects which organelle?
A. Lysosome
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Mitochondria
D. Ribosome - ANSAnswer: C
Rationale: The mitochondria are responsible for producing ATP through
oxidative phosphorylation, and a lack of oxygen during ischemia disrupts
this process.
What happens to intracellular calcium levels during ischemic injury?
A. Decrease due to membrane stability
B. Increase, leading to enzyme activation
C. Remain unchanged
D. Decrease due to apoptosis - ANSAnswer: B
Rationale: Ischemia causes calcium influx into cells, which activates
enzymes that damage cell membranes, proteins, and DNA.
What is a common cause of fatty liver (steatosis)?
A. Protein deficiency
B. Chronic alcohol consumption
C. Increased apoptosis
2
