BIO 1400 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Hydrogen bond - ANS weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
ionic bond - ANS Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to
another
covalent bond - ANS A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms
in a molecule.
strongest bond
What are the different possible metabolic fates of sugar that you ingest? How is it stored and
used? - ANS 1) fuel for cellular activity
2) stored as glycogen
3) converted to fat
What are the similarities and differences between starch and cellulose? - ANS similarities:
- polysaccharide
-chains of sugar
differences:
- cellulose is not digestible so it just passes through you
- humans don't have enzyme to break down the bonds
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Properties of phospholipids - ANS - form bi-layers in water
- hydrophobic tail (non-polar)
- hydrophilic head (polar)
What is sterol and the importance to our biology? - ANS regulate growth and development
(cholesterol, testosterone)
-has a backbone of cholesterol
- cholesterol is important but too much can cause blood vessel walls to thicken
What is an enzyme made of? - ANS protein/ amino acids
What determines the 3-dimensional structure of a protein? - ANS the side chain and how it
folds
What is the function of enzymes in the body? - ANS initiate and accelerate chemical reactions
in the body
What are at least three functions of the plasma membrane? - ANS 1) protection
2) controls what goes in and out
3) receptors: signal (communicates with outside)
4) attach to other cells
If a mutation affects the function of an enzyme, what has probably been altered? -
ANS codon (triplet of bases) --> change of amino acid --> the structure of the protein
base pairs - ANS A-T
C-G
What are the differences between a prokaryote and a eukaryote? - ANS Eukaryotes:
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, -DNA in nucleus
-larger by 10x
-internal structure organized into compartments
-cytoplasm contains specialized structures called organelles
Prokaryotes:
-no nucleus --> DNA is in the cytoplasm
-internal structures not organized
-smaller
endosymbiosis theory - ANS The theory that the eukaryotic cell evolved via the engulfing of
one prokaryotic cell by another to become more complex. (chloroplast, mitochondria)
How does the inheritance of our mitochondrial DNA work? - ANS Mom's mitochondria gets
passed down to offspring
diffusion - ANS particles move from high concentration to low concentration
facilitated transport - ANS molecules move across a membrane without energy input
active transport - ANS transport of molecules require input of energy molecules (ATP)
concentration gradient - ANS A difference in the concentration of a substance across a
distance.
Endocytosis - ANS large particle outside the cell is surrounded by a fold of the plasma
membrane which pinches off, forming a vesicle, which moves into the cell
exocytosis - ANS particles inside the cell are enclosed in a vesicle and transported to the
plasma membrane, where it is expelled into the extracellular fluid
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Hydrogen bond - ANS weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
ionic bond - ANS Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to
another
covalent bond - ANS A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms
in a molecule.
strongest bond
What are the different possible metabolic fates of sugar that you ingest? How is it stored and
used? - ANS 1) fuel for cellular activity
2) stored as glycogen
3) converted to fat
What are the similarities and differences between starch and cellulose? - ANS similarities:
- polysaccharide
-chains of sugar
differences:
- cellulose is not digestible so it just passes through you
- humans don't have enzyme to break down the bonds
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Properties of phospholipids - ANS - form bi-layers in water
- hydrophobic tail (non-polar)
- hydrophilic head (polar)
What is sterol and the importance to our biology? - ANS regulate growth and development
(cholesterol, testosterone)
-has a backbone of cholesterol
- cholesterol is important but too much can cause blood vessel walls to thicken
What is an enzyme made of? - ANS protein/ amino acids
What determines the 3-dimensional structure of a protein? - ANS the side chain and how it
folds
What is the function of enzymes in the body? - ANS initiate and accelerate chemical reactions
in the body
What are at least three functions of the plasma membrane? - ANS 1) protection
2) controls what goes in and out
3) receptors: signal (communicates with outside)
4) attach to other cells
If a mutation affects the function of an enzyme, what has probably been altered? -
ANS codon (triplet of bases) --> change of amino acid --> the structure of the protein
base pairs - ANS A-T
C-G
What are the differences between a prokaryote and a eukaryote? - ANS Eukaryotes:
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, -DNA in nucleus
-larger by 10x
-internal structure organized into compartments
-cytoplasm contains specialized structures called organelles
Prokaryotes:
-no nucleus --> DNA is in the cytoplasm
-internal structures not organized
-smaller
endosymbiosis theory - ANS The theory that the eukaryotic cell evolved via the engulfing of
one prokaryotic cell by another to become more complex. (chloroplast, mitochondria)
How does the inheritance of our mitochondrial DNA work? - ANS Mom's mitochondria gets
passed down to offspring
diffusion - ANS particles move from high concentration to low concentration
facilitated transport - ANS molecules move across a membrane without energy input
active transport - ANS transport of molecules require input of energy molecules (ATP)
concentration gradient - ANS A difference in the concentration of a substance across a
distance.
Endocytosis - ANS large particle outside the cell is surrounded by a fold of the plasma
membrane which pinches off, forming a vesicle, which moves into the cell
exocytosis - ANS particles inside the cell are enclosed in a vesicle and transported to the
plasma membrane, where it is expelled into the extracellular fluid
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
