BSC2085 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
What is gross anatomy and it's subdivisions? - ANS Gross anatomy: structures visible with the
naked eye
Surface anatomy-exterior features
regional anatomy- body areas
systemic anatomy- organ systems
clinical anatomy- medical specialties
developmental anatomy- conception to death
What is microscopic anatomy and it's subdivisions? - ANS Uses microscope
Cytology- studies structure and function of cells, fine detail (ultrastructure) seen w electron
microscope
Histology- looks at tissues w microscope
Histopathology: looks at tissue for disease
What is neurophysiology, endocrinology, systemic physiology, pathophysiology? - ANS Neuro-
nervous system
Endocrinology- hormones
Systemic: organ system
Patho: mechanism of disease
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,What is comparative physiology? - ANS study of different species to learn about body
functions
List the levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest? -
ANS Organism>organ system>organs>tissues>cells>organelles>molecules>atoms
Give the definition of a organelle, molecule, atom? - ANS Organelle-structure within a cell
Molecule: two or more atoms
Atoms: smallest particle
How are no 2 humans exactly alike? - ANS some individuals lack certain muscles, have an
atypical number of vertebrae, atypical number of organs, some show reversal of organ
placement
What is the important of physiological variation among people? - ANS Failure to consider
variation can lead to overmedication of elderly or medicating women on the basis of research
done on men
Define homeostasis and explain its concept how its central to physiology - ANS Homeostasis
is the ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and maintain stable internal
conditions
Loss of homeostasis leads to illness or death
Explain what claude bernard and walter cannon did? - ANS Claude: noted constant internal
conditions despite changing external conditions
Walter: coined homesostasis
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Define negative feedback, give example of it, explain its importance to homeostasis? -
ANS Allows to sense a change and negate/reverse it
EX; if warm, vasodilation happens, sweating begins / if cold, vasoconstriction happens, shivering
begins
What are the common components of a feedback loop? - ANS Receptor: structure that
senses change in body
Integrating control center: place that processes sensory information and directs the response
Effector: cell or organ that carries out final corrective action too restore homeostasis
Explain the homeostasis of blood pressure? What kind of feedback? - ANS Rise from bed,
blood drains from head, BP falls, baroreceptors recognize and tell cardiac center of brainstem to
increase HR, raising BP
Negative feedback
Define positive feedback, give example of it, explain its importance to homeostasis? -
ANS Leads to greater change in same direction
Ex: childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, generation of nerve signals
Can sometimes be dangerous leading to runaway fever
Define gradient, describe the variety of gradients in human physiology? - ANS Gradient is a
difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between 2 points
identify some forms of matter and energy that flow down gradients - ANS Pressure gradient:
from a higher pressure to a place of lower pressure
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Concentration gradient: chemicals flow down this
Electrical gradient: charged particles flow down
Electrochemical: combination of concentration/electrical
Thermal gradient: heat flows down
What are eponyms? - ANS structures named after people
What are acronyms? - ANS pronounceable words formed from first letter, or first few letters,
of series of words
Ex. PET scan
What is cell theory? - ANS all structure and function result from the activity of cells
What does X-ray, radiography do? - ANS penetrate tissues to darken photographic film
beneath body, dense tissue appears white
radiopaque substances injected/swallowed to fill hollow structures like blood vessels
What is digital subtraction angiography? - ANS useful for showing blockages and blood flow
What is computed tomography (CT) scan used for? - ANS low-intensity X-rays and computer
analysis, slice-type image, increase sharpness of image
What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used for? - ANS best for soft tissue, superior
quality, functional MRI best to show real time changes in the brain
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
What is gross anatomy and it's subdivisions? - ANS Gross anatomy: structures visible with the
naked eye
Surface anatomy-exterior features
regional anatomy- body areas
systemic anatomy- organ systems
clinical anatomy- medical specialties
developmental anatomy- conception to death
What is microscopic anatomy and it's subdivisions? - ANS Uses microscope
Cytology- studies structure and function of cells, fine detail (ultrastructure) seen w electron
microscope
Histology- looks at tissues w microscope
Histopathology: looks at tissue for disease
What is neurophysiology, endocrinology, systemic physiology, pathophysiology? - ANS Neuro-
nervous system
Endocrinology- hormones
Systemic: organ system
Patho: mechanism of disease
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,What is comparative physiology? - ANS study of different species to learn about body
functions
List the levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest? -
ANS Organism>organ system>organs>tissues>cells>organelles>molecules>atoms
Give the definition of a organelle, molecule, atom? - ANS Organelle-structure within a cell
Molecule: two or more atoms
Atoms: smallest particle
How are no 2 humans exactly alike? - ANS some individuals lack certain muscles, have an
atypical number of vertebrae, atypical number of organs, some show reversal of organ
placement
What is the important of physiological variation among people? - ANS Failure to consider
variation can lead to overmedication of elderly or medicating women on the basis of research
done on men
Define homeostasis and explain its concept how its central to physiology - ANS Homeostasis
is the ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and maintain stable internal
conditions
Loss of homeostasis leads to illness or death
Explain what claude bernard and walter cannon did? - ANS Claude: noted constant internal
conditions despite changing external conditions
Walter: coined homesostasis
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Define negative feedback, give example of it, explain its importance to homeostasis? -
ANS Allows to sense a change and negate/reverse it
EX; if warm, vasodilation happens, sweating begins / if cold, vasoconstriction happens, shivering
begins
What are the common components of a feedback loop? - ANS Receptor: structure that
senses change in body
Integrating control center: place that processes sensory information and directs the response
Effector: cell or organ that carries out final corrective action too restore homeostasis
Explain the homeostasis of blood pressure? What kind of feedback? - ANS Rise from bed,
blood drains from head, BP falls, baroreceptors recognize and tell cardiac center of brainstem to
increase HR, raising BP
Negative feedback
Define positive feedback, give example of it, explain its importance to homeostasis? -
ANS Leads to greater change in same direction
Ex: childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, generation of nerve signals
Can sometimes be dangerous leading to runaway fever
Define gradient, describe the variety of gradients in human physiology? - ANS Gradient is a
difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between 2 points
identify some forms of matter and energy that flow down gradients - ANS Pressure gradient:
from a higher pressure to a place of lower pressure
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Concentration gradient: chemicals flow down this
Electrical gradient: charged particles flow down
Electrochemical: combination of concentration/electrical
Thermal gradient: heat flows down
What are eponyms? - ANS structures named after people
What are acronyms? - ANS pronounceable words formed from first letter, or first few letters,
of series of words
Ex. PET scan
What is cell theory? - ANS all structure and function result from the activity of cells
What does X-ray, radiography do? - ANS penetrate tissues to darken photographic film
beneath body, dense tissue appears white
radiopaque substances injected/swallowed to fill hollow structures like blood vessels
What is digital subtraction angiography? - ANS useful for showing blockages and blood flow
What is computed tomography (CT) scan used for? - ANS low-intensity X-rays and computer
analysis, slice-type image, increase sharpness of image
What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used for? - ANS best for soft tissue, superior
quality, functional MRI best to show real time changes in the brain
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
