FRHD 2060 - FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Person-environment interactions and models *IMPORTANT* - ANS - Equation: B=f(P,E)
(behaviour can be understood by looking at the environment and if the person feels they
belong)
- Competence and environmental press:
* If someone is losing the ability to do daily living tasks, this can be a reason why people give up
independence (they no longer FIT in the environment)
* ENVIRONMENTAL PRESS
- environmental press: environments can be classified on the varying demands they place on
the person (physical, interpersonal/or social demands)
- PROACTIVITY: usually positive, new behaviours to meet new demands (willing to
adapt/change)
- DOCILITY: usually negative, allow situations to dictate opinions (situation control you),
common in older adults
- COMPETENCE: the theoretical upper limit of a person's ability to learn
-Preventative and Corrective Proactivity (PCP): how life stressors and lack of good congruence
results in poor life outcomes
- 2 types of proactive adaptations:
*Preventative adaptations: actions to avoid stressors
* Corrective adaptations: actions taken in response to stressors
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,- Congruence model: people with particular needs search for the environments that meet their
needs (will try to change environment first, once needs become too much - move to new
environment)
*good congruence = better outcomes
*bad congruence = worse outcomes
Stress, loss and coping framework - ANS Interaction with the environment can produce stress
- Primary appraisal: how the situation is perceived (threat or no threat)
- Secondary appraisal: what should I/we do, and what impact will it have on out lives
* emotion-focused coping strategies: change emotional state but not fixing the problem
* problem-focused coping strategies: focus on problem and fixing it
- re-appraisal: reevaluating the situation
- Impact of stress overtime:
* Phase 1: alarm reaction
* Phase 2: stage of resistance
* Phase 3: stage of exhaustion (chronic)
The loss continuum concept/cycle: loss kicks in later in life for most
* loss continuum can include: children leaving, loss of social role, loss of income, deaths of
spouse, etc.
Ecology of aging - ANS aging in place: can be positive or negative, the key is balance
- balancing environmental press and competence through selection and compensation
- does the individual have significant cognitive or physical impairment requiring intervention?
(most damaging thing for older adults is taking away their control)
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, - in individual needs to be an integral part if the decision making
home modification: helping people deal with tasks of daily living by modifying the environment
(better fit environment -> more comfortable)
Adult day care - ANS - Designed to provide support, companionship, and certain services
during the day
- 3 types of adult day care
* Social services, meals, recreation, and minor health care
* More intensive health care, therapy, for serious medical problems
* Specialized care for demential or developmental disabilities
Living options + models - ANS - apartment complex for older adults (differs from assisted
living) - residents must be capable of independent living
- assisted living facilities: provide a supportive living arrangement but who are not so impaired
physically or cognitively that they need 24 hour care)
Characteristics of people most likely to be placed in a nursing home:
- over age 85
- female (gender imbalances)
- admitted into hospital
- unmarried or living alone
- etc.
*not necessarily a place to die
- average resident has significant mental and physical problems (depression)
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Person-environment interactions and models *IMPORTANT* - ANS - Equation: B=f(P,E)
(behaviour can be understood by looking at the environment and if the person feels they
belong)
- Competence and environmental press:
* If someone is losing the ability to do daily living tasks, this can be a reason why people give up
independence (they no longer FIT in the environment)
* ENVIRONMENTAL PRESS
- environmental press: environments can be classified on the varying demands they place on
the person (physical, interpersonal/or social demands)
- PROACTIVITY: usually positive, new behaviours to meet new demands (willing to
adapt/change)
- DOCILITY: usually negative, allow situations to dictate opinions (situation control you),
common in older adults
- COMPETENCE: the theoretical upper limit of a person's ability to learn
-Preventative and Corrective Proactivity (PCP): how life stressors and lack of good congruence
results in poor life outcomes
- 2 types of proactive adaptations:
*Preventative adaptations: actions to avoid stressors
* Corrective adaptations: actions taken in response to stressors
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,- Congruence model: people with particular needs search for the environments that meet their
needs (will try to change environment first, once needs become too much - move to new
environment)
*good congruence = better outcomes
*bad congruence = worse outcomes
Stress, loss and coping framework - ANS Interaction with the environment can produce stress
- Primary appraisal: how the situation is perceived (threat or no threat)
- Secondary appraisal: what should I/we do, and what impact will it have on out lives
* emotion-focused coping strategies: change emotional state but not fixing the problem
* problem-focused coping strategies: focus on problem and fixing it
- re-appraisal: reevaluating the situation
- Impact of stress overtime:
* Phase 1: alarm reaction
* Phase 2: stage of resistance
* Phase 3: stage of exhaustion (chronic)
The loss continuum concept/cycle: loss kicks in later in life for most
* loss continuum can include: children leaving, loss of social role, loss of income, deaths of
spouse, etc.
Ecology of aging - ANS aging in place: can be positive or negative, the key is balance
- balancing environmental press and competence through selection and compensation
- does the individual have significant cognitive or physical impairment requiring intervention?
(most damaging thing for older adults is taking away their control)
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, - in individual needs to be an integral part if the decision making
home modification: helping people deal with tasks of daily living by modifying the environment
(better fit environment -> more comfortable)
Adult day care - ANS - Designed to provide support, companionship, and certain services
during the day
- 3 types of adult day care
* Social services, meals, recreation, and minor health care
* More intensive health care, therapy, for serious medical problems
* Specialized care for demential or developmental disabilities
Living options + models - ANS - apartment complex for older adults (differs from assisted
living) - residents must be capable of independent living
- assisted living facilities: provide a supportive living arrangement but who are not so impaired
physically or cognitively that they need 24 hour care)
Characteristics of people most likely to be placed in a nursing home:
- over age 85
- female (gender imbalances)
- admitted into hospital
- unmarried or living alone
- etc.
*not necessarily a place to die
- average resident has significant mental and physical problems (depression)
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
