GENETICS FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Blending theory - ANS the traits of an offspring is a mix of the parent's traits
ex: short + long= medium
how did Mendel prove the blending theory was wrong? - ANS genes control trait heredity
and that one allele is dominant to the other
allele - ANS variant of a gene; dominant and recessive
chromosome theory of inheritance - ANS genes are located on chromosomes and that the
behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns.
one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis - ANS genes encode enzymes that enables the genes to
control traits
gene A encodes enzyme A
characteristics of model organisms - ANS small, short generation, small genome, easy to
mate, multiple offsping
DNA polymerase - ANS makes ssDNA by synthesizing a complementary strand
nuclease - ANS cuts DNA
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,lygase - ANS joins 2 DNA strands together
genomics - ANS the study of the structure and function of genome
Each parent has __ alleles but only passes __ - ANS Each parent has 2 alleles but only passes
1
wild type - ANS the most common form of any property of an organism found in the wild,
generally dominant allele
mutant - ANS variants observed in an organism that differ from the wild type, can be
beneficial, detrimental, or no effect generally
genotype - ANS allelic composition of an individual or a cell
phenotype - ANS the observable characteristics of a specific genotype, can physically
see/detect or see the function
polymorphism - ANS the coexistence of two or more common phenotypes in a population
ex: hair color, blood type
single nucleotide mutation - ANS (Most common) Change of one nucleotide in DNA
sequence.
knockout mutation - ANS gene inactivated
forward genetics - ANS mutant to DNA sequence: starts by identifying a mutant phenotype
then identify the morphological and physiological differences , identify the gene using the DNA
sequence
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, reverse genetics - ANS DNA to mutant: starts at DNA sequence to identify genes the mutating
them to analyze the morphological and physiological effects on the phenotype
Mendel's law of segregation - ANS genes are hereditary factors that are necessary for
producing traits
law of equal segregation - ANS members of a gene pair will separate equally into the gametes
monohybrid cross - ANS examines the inheritance of a single gene by crossing 2
heterozygotes
test cross - ANS crossing an individual of an unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive
individual.
if 1:1 then unknown is heterozygous
if 1 then unknown is homozygous (dom or rec)
Homologues - ANS pair of chromosomes
meiosis 1 separates - ANS homologous chromosomes
meiosis 2 separates - ANS sister chromatids
synapsis - ANS during prophase 1 the homologous chromosomes get close together
tetrad - ANS when all 4 chromatids are closely associated
dyads - ANS replicated sister chromosomes are together
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Blending theory - ANS the traits of an offspring is a mix of the parent's traits
ex: short + long= medium
how did Mendel prove the blending theory was wrong? - ANS genes control trait heredity
and that one allele is dominant to the other
allele - ANS variant of a gene; dominant and recessive
chromosome theory of inheritance - ANS genes are located on chromosomes and that the
behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns.
one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis - ANS genes encode enzymes that enables the genes to
control traits
gene A encodes enzyme A
characteristics of model organisms - ANS small, short generation, small genome, easy to
mate, multiple offsping
DNA polymerase - ANS makes ssDNA by synthesizing a complementary strand
nuclease - ANS cuts DNA
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,lygase - ANS joins 2 DNA strands together
genomics - ANS the study of the structure and function of genome
Each parent has __ alleles but only passes __ - ANS Each parent has 2 alleles but only passes
1
wild type - ANS the most common form of any property of an organism found in the wild,
generally dominant allele
mutant - ANS variants observed in an organism that differ from the wild type, can be
beneficial, detrimental, or no effect generally
genotype - ANS allelic composition of an individual or a cell
phenotype - ANS the observable characteristics of a specific genotype, can physically
see/detect or see the function
polymorphism - ANS the coexistence of two or more common phenotypes in a population
ex: hair color, blood type
single nucleotide mutation - ANS (Most common) Change of one nucleotide in DNA
sequence.
knockout mutation - ANS gene inactivated
forward genetics - ANS mutant to DNA sequence: starts by identifying a mutant phenotype
then identify the morphological and physiological differences , identify the gene using the DNA
sequence
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, reverse genetics - ANS DNA to mutant: starts at DNA sequence to identify genes the mutating
them to analyze the morphological and physiological effects on the phenotype
Mendel's law of segregation - ANS genes are hereditary factors that are necessary for
producing traits
law of equal segregation - ANS members of a gene pair will separate equally into the gametes
monohybrid cross - ANS examines the inheritance of a single gene by crossing 2
heterozygotes
test cross - ANS crossing an individual of an unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive
individual.
if 1:1 then unknown is heterozygous
if 1 then unknown is homozygous (dom or rec)
Homologues - ANS pair of chromosomes
meiosis 1 separates - ANS homologous chromosomes
meiosis 2 separates - ANS sister chromatids
synapsis - ANS during prophase 1 the homologous chromosomes get close together
tetrad - ANS when all 4 chromatids are closely associated
dyads - ANS replicated sister chromosomes are together
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
