HCR 240 MIDTERM REVIEW AZC EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
2025/2026
Innate Immunity - ANS Non-specific immune response involving physical and chemical
barriers such as skin, pH of GI tract, and enzymes in tears.
Monocyte - ANS A type of white blood cell that differentiates into macrophages, migrates to
tissues, phagocytizes, releases cytokines, and presents antigens.
Cytokines - ANS Chemical signals produced by white blood cells that regulate and coordinate
the immune system and inflammation.
Natural killer cells (NK cells) - ANS Granular lymphocytes that destroy tumor cells and virus-
infected cells.
Acquired Immunity - ANS Specific immune response involving lymphocytes, including T cells
and B cells.
T cells - ANS Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity.
B cells - ANS Lymphocytes responsible for antibody-mediated immunity (humoral immunity).
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Antigen-presenting cells (APC's) - ANS Cells such as macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells
that present antigens to activate T cells.
CD4 cells - ANS Helper T cells that assist in the immune response.
CD8 cells - ANS Cytotoxic T cells that kill infected or cancerous cells.
HIV - ANS A virus that damages CD4 cells, impairing the immune system.
Immunoglobulins (Igs) - ANS Antibodies produced by B cells, with 5 subtypes: IgM, IgG, IgA,
IgD, IgE.
IgA - ANS Immunoglobulin mainly found in secretions such as tears and breast milk;
associated with selective IgA deficiency in infants.
IgE - ANS Immunoglobulin present in low concentrations in the blood; elevates during allergic
reactions.
Hypersensitivity - ANS An overreaction of the immune system, classified into 4 types.
Type I Hypersensitivity - ANS Immediate hypersensitivity response, including allergies such as
urticaria and bronchial asthma.
Anaphylaxis - ANS An overwhelming allergic response that can lead to death within minutes.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Type II Hypersensitivity - ANS Cytotoxic hypersensitivity where immunoglobulins attack
antigens on cell surfaces, causing cell lysis.
Type III Hypersensitivity - ANS Immune complex hypersensitivity where antigen-antibody
complexes deposit in tissues, causing damage.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - ANS An autoimmune disorder characterized by symptoms
such as stiff painful joints and a butterfly-shaped rash.
Type IV Hypersensitivity - ANS Delayed hypersensitivity where T cell attacks occur days after
initial exposure to an antigen.
Leukemia - ANS A type of cancer characterized by the proliferation of cancerous white blood
cells.
Lymphocytosis - ANS A condition where white blood cell count exceeds 20,000/microliter,
often indicative of leukemia.
HL (Hodgkins Lymphoma) - ANS Also known as Hodgkin's disease.
Reed-Sternberg cells - ANS B cell cells characterized by 'owl eyes' appearance.
NHL (Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma) - ANS Over 80% of lymphoma cases; more common in men
and older individuals.
Polycythemia - ANS Overproliferation of all blood cells in bone marrow.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
2025/2026
Innate Immunity - ANS Non-specific immune response involving physical and chemical
barriers such as skin, pH of GI tract, and enzymes in tears.
Monocyte - ANS A type of white blood cell that differentiates into macrophages, migrates to
tissues, phagocytizes, releases cytokines, and presents antigens.
Cytokines - ANS Chemical signals produced by white blood cells that regulate and coordinate
the immune system and inflammation.
Natural killer cells (NK cells) - ANS Granular lymphocytes that destroy tumor cells and virus-
infected cells.
Acquired Immunity - ANS Specific immune response involving lymphocytes, including T cells
and B cells.
T cells - ANS Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity.
B cells - ANS Lymphocytes responsible for antibody-mediated immunity (humoral immunity).
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Antigen-presenting cells (APC's) - ANS Cells such as macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells
that present antigens to activate T cells.
CD4 cells - ANS Helper T cells that assist in the immune response.
CD8 cells - ANS Cytotoxic T cells that kill infected or cancerous cells.
HIV - ANS A virus that damages CD4 cells, impairing the immune system.
Immunoglobulins (Igs) - ANS Antibodies produced by B cells, with 5 subtypes: IgM, IgG, IgA,
IgD, IgE.
IgA - ANS Immunoglobulin mainly found in secretions such as tears and breast milk;
associated with selective IgA deficiency in infants.
IgE - ANS Immunoglobulin present in low concentrations in the blood; elevates during allergic
reactions.
Hypersensitivity - ANS An overreaction of the immune system, classified into 4 types.
Type I Hypersensitivity - ANS Immediate hypersensitivity response, including allergies such as
urticaria and bronchial asthma.
Anaphylaxis - ANS An overwhelming allergic response that can lead to death within minutes.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Type II Hypersensitivity - ANS Cytotoxic hypersensitivity where immunoglobulins attack
antigens on cell surfaces, causing cell lysis.
Type III Hypersensitivity - ANS Immune complex hypersensitivity where antigen-antibody
complexes deposit in tissues, causing damage.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - ANS An autoimmune disorder characterized by symptoms
such as stiff painful joints and a butterfly-shaped rash.
Type IV Hypersensitivity - ANS Delayed hypersensitivity where T cell attacks occur days after
initial exposure to an antigen.
Leukemia - ANS A type of cancer characterized by the proliferation of cancerous white blood
cells.
Lymphocytosis - ANS A condition where white blood cell count exceeds 20,000/microliter,
often indicative of leukemia.
HL (Hodgkins Lymphoma) - ANS Also known as Hodgkin's disease.
Reed-Sternberg cells - ANS B cell cells characterized by 'owl eyes' appearance.
NHL (Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma) - ANS Over 80% of lymphoma cases; more common in men
and older individuals.
Polycythemia - ANS Overproliferation of all blood cells in bone marrow.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
