HCR 240 EXAM 6 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Calcui - ANS kidney stones- block tract of kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder
Renal adenoma - ANS benign tumor encapsulated and located near the renal cortex
Renal cell carcinoma - ANS tumor located in the renal pelvis
Hematuria - ANS blood in the urine
Glomerularnephritis - ANS inflammation of the glomerulus
Diabetic nephropathy - ANS kidney diseases caused by diabetes- damage to glomerulus in
nephron
Lupus nephropathy - ANS lupus targets antigens in glomerulus
Nephrotic syndrome - ANS glomerular injury allows plasma proteins to enter filtrate and be
present in urine at rate of 3.5 gms/day
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Pyelonephritis- symptoms and treatment - ANS infection of kidney caused by untreated UTI
Symptoms: fever, chills, pain
Treatment: antibiotics
What is GFR and normal value in humans? - ANS glomerular filtration rate- measure of how
much blood the kidneys filter per minute
Normal: 90-120 mL/ min
What is blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and normal value? Where does it come from? - ANS a
waste product that comes from the liver
Normal: 10-20 mg/dL
Consequence of increased creatinine concentration in circulation - ANS hypothyroidism;
decreases metabolic rate of kidney cells
What is serum creatinine? Where does it come from? - ANS waste product of muscle
function
Normal BUN/creatinine ratio in humans - ANS 10-20 mg/dL
What is the glomerulus - ANS cluster of capillaries found in kidney's nephron and responsible
for filtering blood to remove waste
What does serum creatinine measurement tell you? Normal values for men and women? -
ANS a high level indicates kidney damage or failure
Normal: women <1.1 mg/dL, men <1.3 mg/dL
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Calcui - ANS kidney stones- block tract of kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder
Renal adenoma - ANS benign tumor encapsulated and located near the renal cortex
Renal cell carcinoma - ANS tumor located in the renal pelvis
Hematuria - ANS blood in the urine
Glomerularnephritis - ANS inflammation of the glomerulus
Diabetic nephropathy - ANS kidney diseases caused by diabetes- damage to glomerulus in
nephron
Lupus nephropathy - ANS lupus targets antigens in glomerulus
Nephrotic syndrome - ANS glomerular injury allows plasma proteins to enter filtrate and be
present in urine at rate of 3.5 gms/day
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Pyelonephritis- symptoms and treatment - ANS infection of kidney caused by untreated UTI
Symptoms: fever, chills, pain
Treatment: antibiotics
What is GFR and normal value in humans? - ANS glomerular filtration rate- measure of how
much blood the kidneys filter per minute
Normal: 90-120 mL/ min
What is blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and normal value? Where does it come from? - ANS a
waste product that comes from the liver
Normal: 10-20 mg/dL
Consequence of increased creatinine concentration in circulation - ANS hypothyroidism;
decreases metabolic rate of kidney cells
What is serum creatinine? Where does it come from? - ANS waste product of muscle
function
Normal BUN/creatinine ratio in humans - ANS 10-20 mg/dL
What is the glomerulus - ANS cluster of capillaries found in kidney's nephron and responsible
for filtering blood to remove waste
What does serum creatinine measurement tell you? Normal values for men and women? -
ANS a high level indicates kidney damage or failure
Normal: women <1.1 mg/dL, men <1.3 mg/dL
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
