HLSC 4P99 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Experimental design - ANS participants are allocated to the different treatment or control
groups in an experiment and their outcomes
randomized control trials - ANS interested in magnitude of treatment and control (placebo)
and effect; normal distribution
randomized clinical trials - ANS frequency of categorical or nonparametric responses
ex. would be done on on hospital patients; contingency table
Randomized blind experimental trial is a term for - ANS experimental design - randomized
controlled trial - randomized clinical trials
diagnosis - ANS identification of a disease
prognosis - ANS a prediction of the course of a disease
guess-estimates - ANS probability of events happening with references to past experiences
with groups of similar patients
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, what type of error does selection and cofounding bias fall under - ANS systematic error
normal distribution - ANS gaussian distribution
generalizability (external validity) - ANS truth found in 1 group of patients can be transferred
to other patients
what do clinical observations from busy physicians lead to - ANS systematic error (bias)
misleading results by a doctor from bias - ANS medical error
decisions of doctor is compromised by - ANS intrinsic differences or random patient error
(chance)
how should doctors operate - ANS rely on clinical experiences that are supported by sound
scientific principles
clinical questions (independent variable) - ANS abnormality, diagnosis, frequency, risk,
prognosis, treatment, cause cost
health outcomes (dependent variable) - ANS death, disease, discomfort, disability,
dissatisfaction
John Graunt - ANS bills of mortality about politics and human nature recorded by church
events to show endemics, epidemics, and pandemics
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Experimental design - ANS participants are allocated to the different treatment or control
groups in an experiment and their outcomes
randomized control trials - ANS interested in magnitude of treatment and control (placebo)
and effect; normal distribution
randomized clinical trials - ANS frequency of categorical or nonparametric responses
ex. would be done on on hospital patients; contingency table
Randomized blind experimental trial is a term for - ANS experimental design - randomized
controlled trial - randomized clinical trials
diagnosis - ANS identification of a disease
prognosis - ANS a prediction of the course of a disease
guess-estimates - ANS probability of events happening with references to past experiences
with groups of similar patients
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, what type of error does selection and cofounding bias fall under - ANS systematic error
normal distribution - ANS gaussian distribution
generalizability (external validity) - ANS truth found in 1 group of patients can be transferred
to other patients
what do clinical observations from busy physicians lead to - ANS systematic error (bias)
misleading results by a doctor from bias - ANS medical error
decisions of doctor is compromised by - ANS intrinsic differences or random patient error
(chance)
how should doctors operate - ANS rely on clinical experiences that are supported by sound
scientific principles
clinical questions (independent variable) - ANS abnormality, diagnosis, frequency, risk,
prognosis, treatment, cause cost
health outcomes (dependent variable) - ANS death, disease, discomfort, disability,
dissatisfaction
John Graunt - ANS bills of mortality about politics and human nature recorded by church
events to show endemics, epidemics, and pandemics
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
