HMX IMMUNOLOGY FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Tissue resident sentinel cells include (3 types) - ANS Dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast
cells
Circulating leukocytes involved in innate response (2 types) - ANS Monocytes and neutrophils
Phagocytic immune cells (2 types) - ANS Macrophages and neutrophils
Difference between macrophages and neutrophils? - ANS Neutrophils are short lived and will
undergo apoptosis after eating a microbe; macrophages are longer-lived and will eat apoptotic
cells and waste
General cytokine role in innate immune response (and what cells release them?) -
ANS Released by dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells. Pro-inflammatory molecules
that interact with blood vessel endothelium to recruit circulating leukocytes, fluid, and proteins
into tissue
Which tissue-resident sentinel cell will release histamine upon activation? - ANS Mast cell
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Cytokines promote up-regulation of what kind of molecule within blood vessel walls? -
ANS Adhesion molecules
E-Selectin - ANS An adhesion molecule that helps to slow down circulating leukocytes in
innate immune response (low-affinity interaction)
E-Selectin Ligand - ANS A ligand expressed by circulating leukocytes that helps them stick to
blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response
ICAM-1 - ANS An adhesion molecule that helps circulating leukocytes bind to blood vessel
endothelium in innate immune response (high-affinity interaction)
Integrins (and the name of a specific one) - ANS A class of adhesion molecules expressed on
circulating leukocytes; LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1 in a high affinity interaction during the innate
inflammatory response
Stable Arrest - ANS When a circulating leukocyte comes to a stop within the endothelium
thanks to adhesion molecule interactions and can enter the tissue
Pus - ANS Comprised of fluid and apoptotic cells/waste as a result of an inflammatory
response (DNA, dead bacteria, apoptotic neutrophils)
Psoriasis overview - ANS Autoimmune disease that can cause skin plaques and arthritis; Skin
plaques are caused by immune cells migrating into the skin and initiating an inflammatory
response
Psoriasis risk factors - ANS History of strep infections, skin injury, first degree relative with
psoriasis
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, TNF-alpha in psoriasis - ANS A pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in psoriasis that recruits
immune cells into the skin and also acts directly on epithelial cells to produce thickened/raised
patches
Psoriasis treatment (biologics) - ANS Target the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha and
therefore prevent the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and prevent TNF-
alpha from acting directly on epithelial cells
Possible side effects of medications that block adhesion molecules - ANS Susceptibility to
infection due to inhibiting leukocyte entry into tissue
Most abundant leukocyte - ANS Neutrophils
What kind of infections are neutrophils particularly effective against? - ANS Extracellular
bacterial infections
Plasmacytoid dendritic cell - ANS A type of sentinel cell that detects viruses and releases type
1 interferons
Type 1 Interferons (Type 1 IFNs) function and the cell that is most efficient at producing them -
ANS Group of cytokines that activate the antiviral state during viral infection; Plasmacytoid
dendritic cells
The Antiviral State - ANS Protective state that cells enter in response to Type I Interferons;
proteins that can bind to viral double-stranded RNA are produced, infected cells will die, RNAse
activity is induced
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Tissue resident sentinel cells include (3 types) - ANS Dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast
cells
Circulating leukocytes involved in innate response (2 types) - ANS Monocytes and neutrophils
Phagocytic immune cells (2 types) - ANS Macrophages and neutrophils
Difference between macrophages and neutrophils? - ANS Neutrophils are short lived and will
undergo apoptosis after eating a microbe; macrophages are longer-lived and will eat apoptotic
cells and waste
General cytokine role in innate immune response (and what cells release them?) -
ANS Released by dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells. Pro-inflammatory molecules
that interact with blood vessel endothelium to recruit circulating leukocytes, fluid, and proteins
into tissue
Which tissue-resident sentinel cell will release histamine upon activation? - ANS Mast cell
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Cytokines promote up-regulation of what kind of molecule within blood vessel walls? -
ANS Adhesion molecules
E-Selectin - ANS An adhesion molecule that helps to slow down circulating leukocytes in
innate immune response (low-affinity interaction)
E-Selectin Ligand - ANS A ligand expressed by circulating leukocytes that helps them stick to
blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response
ICAM-1 - ANS An adhesion molecule that helps circulating leukocytes bind to blood vessel
endothelium in innate immune response (high-affinity interaction)
Integrins (and the name of a specific one) - ANS A class of adhesion molecules expressed on
circulating leukocytes; LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1 in a high affinity interaction during the innate
inflammatory response
Stable Arrest - ANS When a circulating leukocyte comes to a stop within the endothelium
thanks to adhesion molecule interactions and can enter the tissue
Pus - ANS Comprised of fluid and apoptotic cells/waste as a result of an inflammatory
response (DNA, dead bacteria, apoptotic neutrophils)
Psoriasis overview - ANS Autoimmune disease that can cause skin plaques and arthritis; Skin
plaques are caused by immune cells migrating into the skin and initiating an inflammatory
response
Psoriasis risk factors - ANS History of strep infections, skin injury, first degree relative with
psoriasis
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, TNF-alpha in psoriasis - ANS A pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in psoriasis that recruits
immune cells into the skin and also acts directly on epithelial cells to produce thickened/raised
patches
Psoriasis treatment (biologics) - ANS Target the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha and
therefore prevent the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and prevent TNF-
alpha from acting directly on epithelial cells
Possible side effects of medications that block adhesion molecules - ANS Susceptibility to
infection due to inhibiting leukocyte entry into tissue
Most abundant leukocyte - ANS Neutrophils
What kind of infections are neutrophils particularly effective against? - ANS Extracellular
bacterial infections
Plasmacytoid dendritic cell - ANS A type of sentinel cell that detects viruses and releases type
1 interferons
Type 1 Interferons (Type 1 IFNs) function and the cell that is most efficient at producing them -
ANS Group of cytokines that activate the antiviral state during viral infection; Plasmacytoid
dendritic cells
The Antiviral State - ANS Protective state that cells enter in response to Type I Interferons;
proteins that can bind to viral double-stranded RNA are produced, infected cells will die, RNAse
activity is induced
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
