JMM 102 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Technological Precursors to Cinema - ANS Motion toys, magic lanterns, photography,
Muybridge's motion studies, zoetrope — early attempts to capture movement.
Edison vs. Lumière Brothers: Key Difference - ANS Edison used the Kinetoscope (single-
viewer); the Lumières used the Cinématographe (projected to audiences). Edison = studio
control; Lumières = actualities.
Why Filmmakers Moved from NJ to Southern California - ANS Better weather, more sunlight,
varied landscapes, cheaper land, escape Edison's patent enforcement.
Classical Hollywood "Big Five" Studios - ANS Paramount, MGM, Warner Bros, RKO, 20th
Century Fox — vertically integrated and owned theaters.
Classical Hollywood "Little Three" Studios - ANS Universal, Columbia, United Artists — did
NOT own large theater chains.
Event that Forced Studios to Sell Theaters - ANS The Paramount Decree of 1948 (U.S. v.
Paramount).
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Moviegoing Trends Over Time - ANS Theaters peaked in 1940s; attendance bottomed out in
the 1960s (earlier than expected).
How Hollywood Guilds Differ From Unions - ANS Guilds protect creative professions (writers,
directors, actors) and negotiate industry-wide contracts rather than workplace-based ones.
Three Core Functions of a Major Studio - ANS Financing, distribution, marketing.
Independent Producer Functions (Compared to Studios) - ANS Indies focus on production
only; rely on third parties for financing, distribution, and marketing.
Limited Release Strategy - ANS Small number of theaters, used to build buzz.
Wide Release Strategy - ANS Nationwide opening in thousands of theaters.
Saturation Release Strategy - ANS Massive, immediate nationwide release (often
blockbuster/franchise films).
Platform Release Strategy - ANS Starts small, expands as buzz and awards attention grow.
How Streaming Changed Theatrical Windows - ANS Shorter windows; some films go straight
to streaming or have hybrid releases.
Recent Theatrical Trends - ANS Growth in anime, horror, concert films; strong franchise
performance.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Why Studios Favor Franchises/Reboots Over Originals - ANS Lower financial risk, built-in
audiences, strong merchandising, universe expansion.
1950s TV Business Model - ANS Single sponsorship; live programming; advertisers controlled
shows.
Shifts in 1960s TV Model - ANS Moved to magazine-style advertising; networks—not
sponsors—controlled programming.
How Broadcast Networks Earn Revenue (Pre-Cable) - ANS Selling national advertising time.
How Cable Channels Earn Revenue - ANS Advertising + Carriage fees from cable providers
(MVPDs).
Carriage Disputes - ANS Arguments between cable companies and channels over carriage
fees that can cause channels to be dropped temporarily.
Cable Network With Highest Carriage Fees - ANS ESPN.
Platform/Portal Leading U.S. TV Viewership Today - ANS YouTube / YouTube TV leads total
household viewing (per Nielsen).
Historical Evolution of Netflix - ANS DVD-by-mail → early streaming → original content →
global streamer → gaming/advertising tiers.
Similarities Between YouTube & "Old" TV - ANS Both rely on advertising, scheduling,
audience measurement, and competing for attention.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Technological Precursors to Cinema - ANS Motion toys, magic lanterns, photography,
Muybridge's motion studies, zoetrope — early attempts to capture movement.
Edison vs. Lumière Brothers: Key Difference - ANS Edison used the Kinetoscope (single-
viewer); the Lumières used the Cinématographe (projected to audiences). Edison = studio
control; Lumières = actualities.
Why Filmmakers Moved from NJ to Southern California - ANS Better weather, more sunlight,
varied landscapes, cheaper land, escape Edison's patent enforcement.
Classical Hollywood "Big Five" Studios - ANS Paramount, MGM, Warner Bros, RKO, 20th
Century Fox — vertically integrated and owned theaters.
Classical Hollywood "Little Three" Studios - ANS Universal, Columbia, United Artists — did
NOT own large theater chains.
Event that Forced Studios to Sell Theaters - ANS The Paramount Decree of 1948 (U.S. v.
Paramount).
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Moviegoing Trends Over Time - ANS Theaters peaked in 1940s; attendance bottomed out in
the 1960s (earlier than expected).
How Hollywood Guilds Differ From Unions - ANS Guilds protect creative professions (writers,
directors, actors) and negotiate industry-wide contracts rather than workplace-based ones.
Three Core Functions of a Major Studio - ANS Financing, distribution, marketing.
Independent Producer Functions (Compared to Studios) - ANS Indies focus on production
only; rely on third parties for financing, distribution, and marketing.
Limited Release Strategy - ANS Small number of theaters, used to build buzz.
Wide Release Strategy - ANS Nationwide opening in thousands of theaters.
Saturation Release Strategy - ANS Massive, immediate nationwide release (often
blockbuster/franchise films).
Platform Release Strategy - ANS Starts small, expands as buzz and awards attention grow.
How Streaming Changed Theatrical Windows - ANS Shorter windows; some films go straight
to streaming or have hybrid releases.
Recent Theatrical Trends - ANS Growth in anime, horror, concert films; strong franchise
performance.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Why Studios Favor Franchises/Reboots Over Originals - ANS Lower financial risk, built-in
audiences, strong merchandising, universe expansion.
1950s TV Business Model - ANS Single sponsorship; live programming; advertisers controlled
shows.
Shifts in 1960s TV Model - ANS Moved to magazine-style advertising; networks—not
sponsors—controlled programming.
How Broadcast Networks Earn Revenue (Pre-Cable) - ANS Selling national advertising time.
How Cable Channels Earn Revenue - ANS Advertising + Carriage fees from cable providers
(MVPDs).
Carriage Disputes - ANS Arguments between cable companies and channels over carriage
fees that can cause channels to be dropped temporarily.
Cable Network With Highest Carriage Fees - ANS ESPN.
Platform/Portal Leading U.S. TV Viewership Today - ANS YouTube / YouTube TV leads total
household viewing (per Nielsen).
Historical Evolution of Netflix - ANS DVD-by-mail → early streaming → original content →
global streamer → gaming/advertising tiers.
Similarities Between YouTube & "Old" TV - ANS Both rely on advertising, scheduling,
audience measurement, and competing for attention.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
