MGY250 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Hierarchical shotgun sequencing - ANS break up DNA, sequence and find overlapping pieces,
then assemble
DNA cloning - ANS assemble recombinant DNA and direct their replication within model
organisms
Sanger sequencing - ANS selective incorporation of chain-terminating deoxynucleotides by
DNA polymerases during in-vitro DNA replication
chromosome - ANS packaged and organized structure containing most of the DNA of a living
organism
gene - ANS DNA made up of nucleotides; basic unit of heredity
allele - ANS version of a gene; get one from each parent
loci - ANS position of a gene on a chromosome
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,mitosis - ANS part of cell division where the nucleus splits in two (chromosome into two
nuclei)
interphase - ANS cell copies its DNA to prepare for mitosis (cell division); spends most of the
time here
medical genetics - ANS application of genetics to health and disease
genome - ANS all the DNA in a cell or organism
transcription - ANS converting DNA to RNA by polymerase adding complementary base pairs
to make a new strand
telomere - ANS repetitive nucleotide sequences at the end of the chromosome that protect
the ends of it and act as "caps" to hold the DNA together
prevents translocation and fusion and DNA degradation
centromere - ANS the point of the chromosome that is attached to a spindle fibre during cell
division
where kinetochore is found for mitotic spindle to attach
recombination - ANS rearrangement of genetic material, especially by crossing over in
chromosomes
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, genetic maps - ANS methods used to identify the locus of a gene and the distances between
genes
physical maps - ANS made by breaking up the genome; allow you to infer physical distances
between parts of the gene e.g. shotgun sequencing, chromosome walking
C-value paradox - ANS DNA content is not related to organismal complexity
mitochondrial genome - ANS inherited from mother, mostly protein-coding, some RNA genes
and regulatory sequences, highly conserved
nuclear genome - ANS only 1% protein coding
4% RNA / regulatory sequences
45% transposons
6% heterochromatin
45% other sequences that are poorly conserved
non-coding RNA - ANS protein synthesis and export
RNA maturation
DNA synthesis/telomere function
gene regulation
transposon control
phylogenetic footprinting - ANS technique used to identify transcription factor binding sites
(TFBS) within a non-coding region of DNA by comparing it to the orthologous sequence in a
different species
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Hierarchical shotgun sequencing - ANS break up DNA, sequence and find overlapping pieces,
then assemble
DNA cloning - ANS assemble recombinant DNA and direct their replication within model
organisms
Sanger sequencing - ANS selective incorporation of chain-terminating deoxynucleotides by
DNA polymerases during in-vitro DNA replication
chromosome - ANS packaged and organized structure containing most of the DNA of a living
organism
gene - ANS DNA made up of nucleotides; basic unit of heredity
allele - ANS version of a gene; get one from each parent
loci - ANS position of a gene on a chromosome
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,mitosis - ANS part of cell division where the nucleus splits in two (chromosome into two
nuclei)
interphase - ANS cell copies its DNA to prepare for mitosis (cell division); spends most of the
time here
medical genetics - ANS application of genetics to health and disease
genome - ANS all the DNA in a cell or organism
transcription - ANS converting DNA to RNA by polymerase adding complementary base pairs
to make a new strand
telomere - ANS repetitive nucleotide sequences at the end of the chromosome that protect
the ends of it and act as "caps" to hold the DNA together
prevents translocation and fusion and DNA degradation
centromere - ANS the point of the chromosome that is attached to a spindle fibre during cell
division
where kinetochore is found for mitotic spindle to attach
recombination - ANS rearrangement of genetic material, especially by crossing over in
chromosomes
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, genetic maps - ANS methods used to identify the locus of a gene and the distances between
genes
physical maps - ANS made by breaking up the genome; allow you to infer physical distances
between parts of the gene e.g. shotgun sequencing, chromosome walking
C-value paradox - ANS DNA content is not related to organismal complexity
mitochondrial genome - ANS inherited from mother, mostly protein-coding, some RNA genes
and regulatory sequences, highly conserved
nuclear genome - ANS only 1% protein coding
4% RNA / regulatory sequences
45% transposons
6% heterochromatin
45% other sequences that are poorly conserved
non-coding RNA - ANS protein synthesis and export
RNA maturation
DNA synthesis/telomere function
gene regulation
transposon control
phylogenetic footprinting - ANS technique used to identify transcription factor binding sites
(TFBS) within a non-coding region of DNA by comparing it to the orthologous sequence in a
different species
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
