MGY250 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026

MGY250 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
2025/2026




Hierarchical shotgun sequencing - ANS Break up DNA, sequence and find overlapping pieces,
then assemble



Purpose of hierarchical shotgun sequencing - ANS Could be a way to reconstitute an accurate
assembly



DNA cloning - ANS Assemble recombinant DNA and direct their replication within model
organisms



Purpose of DNA cloning - ANS Produce a large quantity of a single gene



Sanger sequencing - ANS Selective incorporation of chain-terminating deoxynucleotides by
DNA polymerases during in-vitro DNA replication



Sanger sequencing has multiple steps - ANS 1. DNA is cut up into smaller pieces that are
inserted into plasmid DNA



2. Plasmid DNA is put into bacterial cells producing many copies

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,3. DNA is isolated from bacteria and sent for sequencing



4. Isolated DNA is put on plate with mixture of ingredients and fluorescent tags



5. Temperature is increased, then decreased, and once again increased to a lesser extent6. Step
5 is repeated until desired length of terminator nucleotides is reached



Temperature changes in Sanger sequencing - ANS 1. Heat is used in order to break down the
DNA strands and allow separation



2. Cooler temperature allows binding of primers to plasmid DNA



3. Temperature increased to a lesser extent so DNA polymerase binds to primer DNA



Chromosome - ANS Packaged and organized structure containing most of the DNA of a living
organism



Chromosome segregation occurs during - ANS Mitosis and also meiosis



Banding pattern can be made visible by - ANS Staining mitotic cells in prophase



____ is landmark for naming chromosomes - ANS Centromere



First number in chromosome name is - ANS The chromosome




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,After first number in chromosome name, letter ____ indicates long arm and letter ____
indicates short arm - ANS Q

P



Second number in chromosome name indicates - ANS Region of chromosome



Final number in chromosome name indicates - ANS Location of region relative to centromere



Karyotyping - ANS Process of pairing & ordering all chromosomes of organism to provide
genome wide snapshot of chromosomes when condensed during mitosis



Gene - ANS DNA made up of nucleotides; basic unit of heredity



Allele - ANS Version of a gene; get one from each parent



Loci - ANS Position of a gene on a chromosome



Mitosis - ANS Part of cell division where the nucleus splits in two (chromosome into two
nuclei)



Mitosis steps - ANS Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.



Meiosis II is similar to - ANS Mitosis



Prophase - ANS Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms




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, Prometaphase - ANS Nuclear envelope fragments and spindle microtubules attach to the
kinetochores of the chromosomes



Metaphase - ANS Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell



Anaphase - ANS Chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell



Telophase - ANS After the chromosome separates, the cell seals off



DNA replication takes place prior to - ANS Cell division



If DNA is in condensed state - ANS Replication has already occurred



Interphase - ANS Cell copies its DNA to prepare for mitosis (cell division); spends most of the
time here



Interphase has 3 stages - ANS 1. Growth

2. DNA replication

3. Cell functions



CRISPR - ANS Technology with ability to perform gene editing or altering of genetic code
quickly, easily, and cheaply



Medical genetics - ANS Application of genetics to health and disease




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