MGT 6615 CHAPTER 13 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
2025/2026
Ethics - ANS concerned with the kinds of values and morals an individual or a society finds
desirable or appropriate. Ethics is concerned with the virtuousness of individuals and their
motives; provides a basis for understanding what it means to be a morally decent human being
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development - ANS What is the most widely recognized theory to
explain how people think about moral issues?
Obedience & Punishment - ANS (Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development) Stage 1 - I follow
the rules so I don't get hurt
Individualism & Exchange - ANS (Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development) Stage 2 - I will do
a favour for you, if you do one for me
Interpersonal Accord and Conformity - ANS (Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development) Stage
3 - I try to be good and do what others expect of me
Maintaining the Social Order - ANS (Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development) Stage 4 - I
follow the rules and support the laws of society
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Social Contract and Individual Rights - ANS (Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development) Stage 5
- I work with others to do what is best for all of us
Universal Principles - ANS (Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development) Stage 6 - I act out of my
internalized and universal principle of justice
Preconventional Morality - ANS Level 1 of Kohlberg; individual tends to judge the morality of
an action by its direct consequences - stage 1: obedience & punishment (rules are fixed and
handed down by authority. Obeying rules is important because it means avoiding punishment),
stage 2: individualism & exchange (Individual makes moral decisions based on self-interest. An
action is right if it serves the individual.)
Conventional Morality - ANS Level 2 of Kohlberg; individuals judge the morality of actions by
comparing them to society;'s views and expectations. Authority is internalized but not
questioned, and reasoning is based on the norms of the group to which the person belongs.
Stage 3 - Interpersonal Accord and Conformity (individual makes moral choices based on
conforming to the expectations of others and trying to behave like a "good" person). Stage 4 -
Maintaining the social order (Individual makes moral decisions in ways that show concern for
society as a whole. Importance of obeying the laws, respecting authority, and supporting the
rules of community.)
Postconventional Morality - ANS At this level of morality, individuals have developed their
own personal set of ethics and morals that guide their behavior. Stage 5 - Social Contract and
Individual Rights (Individual makes moral decisions based on social contract and his or her view
on what a good society should be like. E.g. if a boy is dying of cancer and his parents do not
have money to pay for his treatment, the state should step in and pay for it.), Stage 6 - Universal
Principles (At this stage, the individual's moral reasoning is based on internalized universal
principles of justice that apply to everyone. Decisions that are made need to respect the
viewpoints of all parties involved. E.g. civil rights activist who believes a commitment to justice
requires a willingness to disobey unjust laws.)
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Conduct, Character - ANS There are two focal points for theories of ethical leadership; these
theories focus on a leaders
Ethical egoism, utilitarianism, altruism - ANS Three components of assessment of leaders
conduct based on theories of ethical leadership
Ethical egoism - ANS a person should act so as to create the greatest good for her/himself;
closely related to the transactional leadership approach. E.g. a midlevel upward-aspiring
manager who wants her team to be the best in the company could be described as acting out of
ethical egoism
Utilitarianism - ANS We should behave so as to create the greatest good for the greatest
number. The morally correct action is the action that maximizes social benefits while minimizing
social costs. E.g. US government allocates a large part of the federal budget for preventive
health care
Altruism - ANS the approach that suggests that actions are moral if their primary purpose is
to promote the best interests of others. E.g. work of Mother Teresa, who devoted her life to
helping the poor
Teological - ANS Whether a given action is ethical based on its consequences
Delogical - ANS Whether a given action is ethical based on its duty. Focuses on the actions of
the leader and his or her moral obligations and responsibilities to do the right thing.
Virtue-based theories - ANS Theories of leadership not focused on a leader;s conduct but on
his/her character; focuses on who leaders are as people. Virtues are rooted in the heart of the
individual and the individual's disposition. It is believed that virtues and moral abilities are not
innate but can be acquired and learned through practice.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
2025/2026
Ethics - ANS concerned with the kinds of values and morals an individual or a society finds
desirable or appropriate. Ethics is concerned with the virtuousness of individuals and their
motives; provides a basis for understanding what it means to be a morally decent human being
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development - ANS What is the most widely recognized theory to
explain how people think about moral issues?
Obedience & Punishment - ANS (Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development) Stage 1 - I follow
the rules so I don't get hurt
Individualism & Exchange - ANS (Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development) Stage 2 - I will do
a favour for you, if you do one for me
Interpersonal Accord and Conformity - ANS (Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development) Stage
3 - I try to be good and do what others expect of me
Maintaining the Social Order - ANS (Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development) Stage 4 - I
follow the rules and support the laws of society
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Social Contract and Individual Rights - ANS (Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development) Stage 5
- I work with others to do what is best for all of us
Universal Principles - ANS (Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development) Stage 6 - I act out of my
internalized and universal principle of justice
Preconventional Morality - ANS Level 1 of Kohlberg; individual tends to judge the morality of
an action by its direct consequences - stage 1: obedience & punishment (rules are fixed and
handed down by authority. Obeying rules is important because it means avoiding punishment),
stage 2: individualism & exchange (Individual makes moral decisions based on self-interest. An
action is right if it serves the individual.)
Conventional Morality - ANS Level 2 of Kohlberg; individuals judge the morality of actions by
comparing them to society;'s views and expectations. Authority is internalized but not
questioned, and reasoning is based on the norms of the group to which the person belongs.
Stage 3 - Interpersonal Accord and Conformity (individual makes moral choices based on
conforming to the expectations of others and trying to behave like a "good" person). Stage 4 -
Maintaining the social order (Individual makes moral decisions in ways that show concern for
society as a whole. Importance of obeying the laws, respecting authority, and supporting the
rules of community.)
Postconventional Morality - ANS At this level of morality, individuals have developed their
own personal set of ethics and morals that guide their behavior. Stage 5 - Social Contract and
Individual Rights (Individual makes moral decisions based on social contract and his or her view
on what a good society should be like. E.g. if a boy is dying of cancer and his parents do not
have money to pay for his treatment, the state should step in and pay for it.), Stage 6 - Universal
Principles (At this stage, the individual's moral reasoning is based on internalized universal
principles of justice that apply to everyone. Decisions that are made need to respect the
viewpoints of all parties involved. E.g. civil rights activist who believes a commitment to justice
requires a willingness to disobey unjust laws.)
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Conduct, Character - ANS There are two focal points for theories of ethical leadership; these
theories focus on a leaders
Ethical egoism, utilitarianism, altruism - ANS Three components of assessment of leaders
conduct based on theories of ethical leadership
Ethical egoism - ANS a person should act so as to create the greatest good for her/himself;
closely related to the transactional leadership approach. E.g. a midlevel upward-aspiring
manager who wants her team to be the best in the company could be described as acting out of
ethical egoism
Utilitarianism - ANS We should behave so as to create the greatest good for the greatest
number. The morally correct action is the action that maximizes social benefits while minimizing
social costs. E.g. US government allocates a large part of the federal budget for preventive
health care
Altruism - ANS the approach that suggests that actions are moral if their primary purpose is
to promote the best interests of others. E.g. work of Mother Teresa, who devoted her life to
helping the poor
Teological - ANS Whether a given action is ethical based on its consequences
Delogical - ANS Whether a given action is ethical based on its duty. Focuses on the actions of
the leader and his or her moral obligations and responsibilities to do the right thing.
Virtue-based theories - ANS Theories of leadership not focused on a leader;s conduct but on
his/her character; focuses on who leaders are as people. Virtues are rooted in the heart of the
individual and the individual's disposition. It is believed that virtues and moral abilities are not
innate but can be acquired and learned through practice.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
