Pathophysiology and
Pharmacology - EXAM 1
1.pharmacology: the study of medicines, including the study of how drugs are administered and how the body responds.
2.pharmacotherapy: the application of drugs to treat disease and ease human suffering
3.How can therapeutic agents be classified?: drugs, biologics, or complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies
4.How can drugs be organized?: by their therapeutic or pharmacologic classification
5.How many names do drugs have and what are they?: 3; chemical name, generic name, trade/brand name
6.chemical name of a drug: strict chemical nomenclature used for naming drugs established by the
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
7.generic name of a drug: nonproprietary name of a drug assigned by the government; i.e. ibuprofen
8.8. trade name of a drug: proprietary name of a drug assigned by the manufacturer; also called the brand name or product
name; proprietary means ownership; i.e. advil
9. What are nurses expected to understand about all medication given to patients?: pharmacotherapeutic principles
10. What are the nurse's responsibilities as far as giving medications?: what drug is ordered
name and drug classification
intended purpose or use effects
on the body contraindication
special considerations (how age, weight, body fat distribution, pathophysiological states affect response) side effects
why the medication was prescribed
how the medication is supplied in the pharmacy how the
medication administered, including dosage range
what nursing process consideration relates to the medication apply to the paltient all
variables of the patient's condition
prepared to recognize and react to adverse effects
11. combination drug: drug product with more than one active generic ingredient
12. therapeutic classification of a drug: method for organizing drugs on the basis of their clinical usefulness in treating
particular diseases or disorders
13. pharmacologic classification of a drug: method for organizing drugs on the basis of their mechanism of action
,14. Who was John Jacob Abel?: father of American pharmacology, founded first pharmacology department in United States at
University of Michigan in 1890
15. How many drugs are currently available?: 10,000
16. factors of the patient that affect their individual response to a drug: age, sex, body mass, health status, genetics
17. what is medication?: an administered drug
18. what are biologics and what are some examples?: agents naturally produced in animal
cells, by microorganisms, or by the body itself; hormones, monoclonal antibodies, natural blood products/components,
interferons, vaccines
19. what are some examples of complementary and alternative therapies?: natural plant extracts, herbs, vitamins, minerals,
dietary supplements, physical therapy, manipulations, massage, acupuncture, hypnosis, biofeedback
20. bioavailability: physiologic ability of the drug to reach target cell and produce effect.
21. FDA: Food and Drug Administration, established in 1988, agency of U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
22. What are the three checks of drug administration?: - checking drug with MAR or
medication information system when removing it from storage
- checking drug when preparing it, poring it, taking it out the unit-dose container, or connecting the IV tubing to bag - checking
drug before administering it to the patient
23. Who has responsibility when mistakes occur with medication?: nurse, prescriber, and the pharmacists
24. compliance: taking a medication in the manner prescribed by the health care provider
25. Factors that can cause a patient to deviate from compliance: cost of drug, forgetting doses, annoying side effects, self-
adjustment of doses, fear of dependency
26. Four most common Medication Errors: errors in patient assessment (inadequate medication
history, incomplete PA), errors in prescribing, administration errors (route or time of administration, omissions), distracting
environmental factors (interruptions during drug preparations)
27. Abbreviation: ac: before meals
28. abbreviation: bid: twice a day
29. abbreviation: cap: capsule
30 abbreviation: gtt: drop
31. abbreviation: IM: intramuscular
32. abbreviation: no: number
33. abbreviation: pc: after meals; after eating
34. abbreviation: PO: by mouth
35. abbreviation: PM: afternoon
36. abbreviation: pm: when needed/necessary
, 37. abbreviation: qid: four times per day
38. Q2h: every 2 hours (even or when first given)
39. abbreviation: Rx: take
40. abbreviation: tid: three times a day
41. STAT: medication is to be given immediately and only once
42. ASAP: drug should be available for administration within 30 minutes of the written order
43. PRN: drug is administered as required by the patient's condition
44. What is a routine order?: orders not written as STAT, ASAP, NOW, or PRN
45. standing order: written in advance of a situation that is to be carried out under specific circumstances
46. How often should a drug order be reviewed by the attending physician?: within a specific time frame, at least every seven
days or per policy of the clinical agency
47. Prescriptions for narcotics (opioids) and other scheduled drugs are automatically discontinued after how many hours?: 72
hours, must be reordered by the health care provider
48. When is the best time to give CNS drug and anti-hypertensives?: at bedtime 49. Common Protocols and Techniques for All
Routes of Administration: - verify medication order, check allergy history - wash hands and apply gloves, if indicated
- use aseptic technique when preparing and administering parenteral medications
- indentify patient (two forms)
- ask patient about known allergies
- inform patient about drug (expected actions, common side effects, adverse reactions)
- position patient for proper route of administration
- remove prepackaged drug at bedside
- unless instructed to do so in the orders, do not leave drugs at bedside
- document administration, and pertinent patient responses
50. Broad routes of Drug Administration: three broad routes: enteral, topical, and parenteral
51. Enteral Route: by mouth, via nasogastric tube or gastrostomy tube
52. What sustained-release tablets designed to do?: dissolve slowly increase compliance by reducing frequency of dosage
53. What kind of tablets must remain intact and cannot be crushed or opened?-
: enteric-coated
Pharmacology - EXAM 1
1.pharmacology: the study of medicines, including the study of how drugs are administered and how the body responds.
2.pharmacotherapy: the application of drugs to treat disease and ease human suffering
3.How can therapeutic agents be classified?: drugs, biologics, or complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies
4.How can drugs be organized?: by their therapeutic or pharmacologic classification
5.How many names do drugs have and what are they?: 3; chemical name, generic name, trade/brand name
6.chemical name of a drug: strict chemical nomenclature used for naming drugs established by the
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
7.generic name of a drug: nonproprietary name of a drug assigned by the government; i.e. ibuprofen
8.8. trade name of a drug: proprietary name of a drug assigned by the manufacturer; also called the brand name or product
name; proprietary means ownership; i.e. advil
9. What are nurses expected to understand about all medication given to patients?: pharmacotherapeutic principles
10. What are the nurse's responsibilities as far as giving medications?: what drug is ordered
name and drug classification
intended purpose or use effects
on the body contraindication
special considerations (how age, weight, body fat distribution, pathophysiological states affect response) side effects
why the medication was prescribed
how the medication is supplied in the pharmacy how the
medication administered, including dosage range
what nursing process consideration relates to the medication apply to the paltient all
variables of the patient's condition
prepared to recognize and react to adverse effects
11. combination drug: drug product with more than one active generic ingredient
12. therapeutic classification of a drug: method for organizing drugs on the basis of their clinical usefulness in treating
particular diseases or disorders
13. pharmacologic classification of a drug: method for organizing drugs on the basis of their mechanism of action
,14. Who was John Jacob Abel?: father of American pharmacology, founded first pharmacology department in United States at
University of Michigan in 1890
15. How many drugs are currently available?: 10,000
16. factors of the patient that affect their individual response to a drug: age, sex, body mass, health status, genetics
17. what is medication?: an administered drug
18. what are biologics and what are some examples?: agents naturally produced in animal
cells, by microorganisms, or by the body itself; hormones, monoclonal antibodies, natural blood products/components,
interferons, vaccines
19. what are some examples of complementary and alternative therapies?: natural plant extracts, herbs, vitamins, minerals,
dietary supplements, physical therapy, manipulations, massage, acupuncture, hypnosis, biofeedback
20. bioavailability: physiologic ability of the drug to reach target cell and produce effect.
21. FDA: Food and Drug Administration, established in 1988, agency of U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
22. What are the three checks of drug administration?: - checking drug with MAR or
medication information system when removing it from storage
- checking drug when preparing it, poring it, taking it out the unit-dose container, or connecting the IV tubing to bag - checking
drug before administering it to the patient
23. Who has responsibility when mistakes occur with medication?: nurse, prescriber, and the pharmacists
24. compliance: taking a medication in the manner prescribed by the health care provider
25. Factors that can cause a patient to deviate from compliance: cost of drug, forgetting doses, annoying side effects, self-
adjustment of doses, fear of dependency
26. Four most common Medication Errors: errors in patient assessment (inadequate medication
history, incomplete PA), errors in prescribing, administration errors (route or time of administration, omissions), distracting
environmental factors (interruptions during drug preparations)
27. Abbreviation: ac: before meals
28. abbreviation: bid: twice a day
29. abbreviation: cap: capsule
30 abbreviation: gtt: drop
31. abbreviation: IM: intramuscular
32. abbreviation: no: number
33. abbreviation: pc: after meals; after eating
34. abbreviation: PO: by mouth
35. abbreviation: PM: afternoon
36. abbreviation: pm: when needed/necessary
, 37. abbreviation: qid: four times per day
38. Q2h: every 2 hours (even or when first given)
39. abbreviation: Rx: take
40. abbreviation: tid: three times a day
41. STAT: medication is to be given immediately and only once
42. ASAP: drug should be available for administration within 30 minutes of the written order
43. PRN: drug is administered as required by the patient's condition
44. What is a routine order?: orders not written as STAT, ASAP, NOW, or PRN
45. standing order: written in advance of a situation that is to be carried out under specific circumstances
46. How often should a drug order be reviewed by the attending physician?: within a specific time frame, at least every seven
days or per policy of the clinical agency
47. Prescriptions for narcotics (opioids) and other scheduled drugs are automatically discontinued after how many hours?: 72
hours, must be reordered by the health care provider
48. When is the best time to give CNS drug and anti-hypertensives?: at bedtime 49. Common Protocols and Techniques for All
Routes of Administration: - verify medication order, check allergy history - wash hands and apply gloves, if indicated
- use aseptic technique when preparing and administering parenteral medications
- indentify patient (two forms)
- ask patient about known allergies
- inform patient about drug (expected actions, common side effects, adverse reactions)
- position patient for proper route of administration
- remove prepackaged drug at bedside
- unless instructed to do so in the orders, do not leave drugs at bedside
- document administration, and pertinent patient responses
50. Broad routes of Drug Administration: three broad routes: enteral, topical, and parenteral
51. Enteral Route: by mouth, via nasogastric tube or gastrostomy tube
52. What sustained-release tablets designed to do?: dissolve slowly increase compliance by reducing frequency of dosage
53. What kind of tablets must remain intact and cannot be crushed or opened?-
: enteric-coated
