Test Bank For Phillips’s Manual of I.V.
Therapeutics Evidence-Based Practice for
Infusion Therapy Chapter 1-12 Complete
Guide .2
what is EBM - answers the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best
evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients
what is integrated into EBM - answers it is the integration of the best research evidence
with clinical expertise and patient values
how do we practice EBM - answers Ask, acquire, appraise apply, audit/assess
What is the PICO format? - answers P= patient, population, or problem of interest
I= Intervention of interest
C=Comparison of Interest
O=Outcome of Interest
what is systematic reviews/meta analysis - answers brings together data from many
clinical trials using a systematic approach in relation to a question
what are RCTs - answers randomised controlled trials- a study that randomises a group
of similar patients into 2 (or more) groups, 1 group receives a treatment that is being
studied and the other group receives a comparison treatment, a placebo or no
treatment. the outcomes are then compared from the groups to see if the study
treatment was better, worse or equal to the other treatment/placebo
what are observational studies - answers the researcher carefully and systematically
observes and records behaviour without interfering with the behaviour.
who was EBK initially proposed by - answers Dr Sackett and colleagues at McMaster
university in Hamilton Ontario Canada
what are meta analyses - answers combine data from multiple RCTs or studies
increasing statistical power and providing more robust conclusions than a single RCT
what is a key advantage of a meta analysis over an individual randomised controlled
trial - answers it can provide stronger statistical power by combining multiple studies
what type of evidence would be the most appropriate to use when developing clinical
guidelines for a new therapy - answers RCTs and systematic reviews
,which type of study is typically the first to report new findings on a rare disease or
treatment - answers Case report
what are case report used for - answers case report are often the first to document new
or rare conditions treatments or adverse reactions in a individual patient
what type of study would you use to determine the long term effects of a drug or risk
factor on a specific population - answers Cohort study
why do we measure health and disease - answers to gather information required to
bring about change beneficial to the health population
what is epidemiology - answers The study of the distribution and determinants of health-
related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the
control of health problems.
what is pharmacoepidemiology - answers the study of drug use in populations
what are the key concepts of pharmacoepidemiology - answers Adverse drug reactions,
drug safety, drug utilisation, drug effectiveness, risk-benefit analysis
what are examples of descriptive studies - answers case report/case series
what is a case report - answers describes a single person who has been exposed and
experience a specific outcome
what is a case series - answers a collection of reports of individuals who have shared
single exposure and whose outcomes have been evaluated and described
what are examples of analytical studies - answers Cohort (prospective and
retrospective)
Case-control
Randomized trials
what is case control - answers a group with an outcome of interest exposures compared
to a control group without the outcome
what is a cohort study - answers subsets of a defined population are identified
compares the outcomes experienced by a group exposed to an intervention with a
group not exposed to the intervention
what are RCTs - answers a truly experimental design where groups of individuals are
randomised to receive a particular exposure or not by an investigator and followed
through time to assess their outcome
, what types of bias is there - answers design bias, selection bias, data collection bias,
measurement/recall bias, analysis bias, publication bias
what is design bias - answers poor study design
what is selection bias - answers relates to both the process of recruiting participants and
study inclusion criteria
what is data collection bias - answers researchers personal beliefs influences
information/data collection
what is measurement/recall bias - answers can occur in retrospective studies when
participants have selective memory of their past exposures
what is analysis bias - answers when the researcher naturally looks for data that only
confirm their hypothesis
what is publication bias - answers most published studies tend to report significant
outcomes
what are some advantages of RCTs - answers unbiased distribution of confounders;
blinding more likely;
randomisation facilitates statistical analysis.
what are disadvantages of RCTs - answers expensive: time and money;
volunteer bias;
ethically problematic at times.
what are advantages of cohort study - answers ethically safe;
subjects can be matched;
can establish timing and directionality of events;
eligibility criteria and outcome assessments can be standardised;
administratively easier and cheaper than RCT.
what are disadvantages of cohort study - answers controls may be difficult to identify;
exposure may be linked to a hidden confounder;
blinding is difficult;
randomisation not present;
for rare disease, large sample sizes or long follow-up necessary.
what are advantages of case-control studies - answers quick and cheap;
only feasible method for very rare disorders or those with long lag between exposure
and outcome;
fewer subjects needed than cross-sectional studies.
Therapeutics Evidence-Based Practice for
Infusion Therapy Chapter 1-12 Complete
Guide .2
what is EBM - answers the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best
evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients
what is integrated into EBM - answers it is the integration of the best research evidence
with clinical expertise and patient values
how do we practice EBM - answers Ask, acquire, appraise apply, audit/assess
What is the PICO format? - answers P= patient, population, or problem of interest
I= Intervention of interest
C=Comparison of Interest
O=Outcome of Interest
what is systematic reviews/meta analysis - answers brings together data from many
clinical trials using a systematic approach in relation to a question
what are RCTs - answers randomised controlled trials- a study that randomises a group
of similar patients into 2 (or more) groups, 1 group receives a treatment that is being
studied and the other group receives a comparison treatment, a placebo or no
treatment. the outcomes are then compared from the groups to see if the study
treatment was better, worse or equal to the other treatment/placebo
what are observational studies - answers the researcher carefully and systematically
observes and records behaviour without interfering with the behaviour.
who was EBK initially proposed by - answers Dr Sackett and colleagues at McMaster
university in Hamilton Ontario Canada
what are meta analyses - answers combine data from multiple RCTs or studies
increasing statistical power and providing more robust conclusions than a single RCT
what is a key advantage of a meta analysis over an individual randomised controlled
trial - answers it can provide stronger statistical power by combining multiple studies
what type of evidence would be the most appropriate to use when developing clinical
guidelines for a new therapy - answers RCTs and systematic reviews
,which type of study is typically the first to report new findings on a rare disease or
treatment - answers Case report
what are case report used for - answers case report are often the first to document new
or rare conditions treatments or adverse reactions in a individual patient
what type of study would you use to determine the long term effects of a drug or risk
factor on a specific population - answers Cohort study
why do we measure health and disease - answers to gather information required to
bring about change beneficial to the health population
what is epidemiology - answers The study of the distribution and determinants of health-
related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the
control of health problems.
what is pharmacoepidemiology - answers the study of drug use in populations
what are the key concepts of pharmacoepidemiology - answers Adverse drug reactions,
drug safety, drug utilisation, drug effectiveness, risk-benefit analysis
what are examples of descriptive studies - answers case report/case series
what is a case report - answers describes a single person who has been exposed and
experience a specific outcome
what is a case series - answers a collection of reports of individuals who have shared
single exposure and whose outcomes have been evaluated and described
what are examples of analytical studies - answers Cohort (prospective and
retrospective)
Case-control
Randomized trials
what is case control - answers a group with an outcome of interest exposures compared
to a control group without the outcome
what is a cohort study - answers subsets of a defined population are identified
compares the outcomes experienced by a group exposed to an intervention with a
group not exposed to the intervention
what are RCTs - answers a truly experimental design where groups of individuals are
randomised to receive a particular exposure or not by an investigator and followed
through time to assess their outcome
, what types of bias is there - answers design bias, selection bias, data collection bias,
measurement/recall bias, analysis bias, publication bias
what is design bias - answers poor study design
what is selection bias - answers relates to both the process of recruiting participants and
study inclusion criteria
what is data collection bias - answers researchers personal beliefs influences
information/data collection
what is measurement/recall bias - answers can occur in retrospective studies when
participants have selective memory of their past exposures
what is analysis bias - answers when the researcher naturally looks for data that only
confirm their hypothesis
what is publication bias - answers most published studies tend to report significant
outcomes
what are some advantages of RCTs - answers unbiased distribution of confounders;
blinding more likely;
randomisation facilitates statistical analysis.
what are disadvantages of RCTs - answers expensive: time and money;
volunteer bias;
ethically problematic at times.
what are advantages of cohort study - answers ethically safe;
subjects can be matched;
can establish timing and directionality of events;
eligibility criteria and outcome assessments can be standardised;
administratively easier and cheaper than RCT.
what are disadvantages of cohort study - answers controls may be difficult to identify;
exposure may be linked to a hidden confounder;
blinding is difficult;
randomisation not present;
for rare disease, large sample sizes or long follow-up necessary.
what are advantages of case-control studies - answers quick and cheap;
only feasible method for very rare disorders or those with long lag between exposure
and outcome;
fewer subjects needed than cross-sectional studies.
