VN201 MS 1 Understanding Shock in
Medicine Questions and Answers | 100%
Pass Guaranteed | Graded A+ | VN201 MS 1
MS 1 VN 201 Medical Surgical
Shock - answers Shock is a state of acute circulatory failure leading to decreased organ
perfusion, with inadequate delivery of oxygenated blood to tissues and resultant end-
organ dysfunction.
Oxygen Delivery (DO2) - answers The final physiological end point is oxygen delivery to
the tissue (or DO2). DO2 is a function of cardiac output, oxygen saturation, amount of
haemoglobin, and the amount of oxygen dissolved in the plasma.
DO2 Measurement - answers DO2 is measured in mL / minute.
Cardiac Output (CO) - answers Cardiac Output (CO) is the amount of blood that the
heart pumps in a minute.
CO Equation - answers CO = HR x SV, where HR is heart rate (beats/minute) and SV is
stroke volume (the volume (mL) the heart pumps each beat).
Stroke Volume (SV) - answers Stroke Volume (SV) is the volume (mL) the heart pumps
each beat.
Pre-load - answers Pre-load is Left Ventricular End Diastolic Pressure (LVEDP), which
is the amount of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole just before the heart
beat.
Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) - answers SVR is the resistance in the circulatory
system that creates the blood pressure.
Contractility - answers Contractility is the force of the cardiac muscle squeeze, also
called inotropy.
Frank-Starling Law - answers The greater the preload, the greater the stretch which
increases contractility, increasing stroke volume.
Lactate - answers Lactate, which is produced from anaerobic metabolism, is a
commonly used biochemical marker for shock.
, Body's Response to Shock - answers The early response to shock includes recognition
of low blood pressure by baroreceptors and activation of sympathetic nervous system
by increasing contractility and heart rate, thus increasing cardiac output.
Alpha-1 Receptors - answers Alpha-1 receptors are activated during shock, causing
vasoconstriction and resultant increased blood pressure.
Heart Rate - answers Heart rate is the number of beats per minute, with a normal range
of 60-80 bpm.
Respiratory Rate - answers Respiratory rate is the number of breaths per minute, with a
normal range of 12-16 per min.
Blood Pressure - answers Blood pressure is measured in mmHg, with a normal range of
120--80.
Anaphylaxis - answers Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can lead to shock.
End-Organ Failure - answers End-organ failure occurs when impaired delivery of
oxygen to tissues leads to widespread cellular death and tissue necrosis.
Anaerobic Metabolism - answers Anaerobic metabolism is a process that cells can use
for only a short amount of time before they are unable to maintain vital cellular
functions, resulting in cell death.
Tissue Necrosis - answers Tissue necrosis is the death of tissue due to lack of blood
supply or oxygen.
Multi-Organ Failure - answers Multi-organ failure is a condition where multiple organ
systems fail due to inadequate perfusion and oxygen delivery.
Shock - answers A state of acute circulatory failure leading to decreased organ
perfusion, with inadequate delivery of oxygenated blood to tissues and resultant end-
organ dysfunction.
Distributive Shock - answers Associated with profound reduction of systemic vascular
resistance from vasodilatation, leading to relative intravascular volume depletion and
decreased blood pressure.
Hypovolaemic Shock - answers A condition where there is a decrease in intravascular
volume, causing a drop in blood pressure, often due to fluid loss.
Obstructive Shock - answers A type of shock caused by an obstruction in the circulatory
system that impedes blood flow.
Medicine Questions and Answers | 100%
Pass Guaranteed | Graded A+ | VN201 MS 1
MS 1 VN 201 Medical Surgical
Shock - answers Shock is a state of acute circulatory failure leading to decreased organ
perfusion, with inadequate delivery of oxygenated blood to tissues and resultant end-
organ dysfunction.
Oxygen Delivery (DO2) - answers The final physiological end point is oxygen delivery to
the tissue (or DO2). DO2 is a function of cardiac output, oxygen saturation, amount of
haemoglobin, and the amount of oxygen dissolved in the plasma.
DO2 Measurement - answers DO2 is measured in mL / minute.
Cardiac Output (CO) - answers Cardiac Output (CO) is the amount of blood that the
heart pumps in a minute.
CO Equation - answers CO = HR x SV, where HR is heart rate (beats/minute) and SV is
stroke volume (the volume (mL) the heart pumps each beat).
Stroke Volume (SV) - answers Stroke Volume (SV) is the volume (mL) the heart pumps
each beat.
Pre-load - answers Pre-load is Left Ventricular End Diastolic Pressure (LVEDP), which
is the amount of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole just before the heart
beat.
Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) - answers SVR is the resistance in the circulatory
system that creates the blood pressure.
Contractility - answers Contractility is the force of the cardiac muscle squeeze, also
called inotropy.
Frank-Starling Law - answers The greater the preload, the greater the stretch which
increases contractility, increasing stroke volume.
Lactate - answers Lactate, which is produced from anaerobic metabolism, is a
commonly used biochemical marker for shock.
, Body's Response to Shock - answers The early response to shock includes recognition
of low blood pressure by baroreceptors and activation of sympathetic nervous system
by increasing contractility and heart rate, thus increasing cardiac output.
Alpha-1 Receptors - answers Alpha-1 receptors are activated during shock, causing
vasoconstriction and resultant increased blood pressure.
Heart Rate - answers Heart rate is the number of beats per minute, with a normal range
of 60-80 bpm.
Respiratory Rate - answers Respiratory rate is the number of breaths per minute, with a
normal range of 12-16 per min.
Blood Pressure - answers Blood pressure is measured in mmHg, with a normal range of
120--80.
Anaphylaxis - answers Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can lead to shock.
End-Organ Failure - answers End-organ failure occurs when impaired delivery of
oxygen to tissues leads to widespread cellular death and tissue necrosis.
Anaerobic Metabolism - answers Anaerobic metabolism is a process that cells can use
for only a short amount of time before they are unable to maintain vital cellular
functions, resulting in cell death.
Tissue Necrosis - answers Tissue necrosis is the death of tissue due to lack of blood
supply or oxygen.
Multi-Organ Failure - answers Multi-organ failure is a condition where multiple organ
systems fail due to inadequate perfusion and oxygen delivery.
Shock - answers A state of acute circulatory failure leading to decreased organ
perfusion, with inadequate delivery of oxygenated blood to tissues and resultant end-
organ dysfunction.
Distributive Shock - answers Associated with profound reduction of systemic vascular
resistance from vasodilatation, leading to relative intravascular volume depletion and
decreased blood pressure.
Hypovolaemic Shock - answers A condition where there is a decrease in intravascular
volume, causing a drop in blood pressure, often due to fluid loss.
Obstructive Shock - answers A type of shock caused by an obstruction in the circulatory
system that impedes blood flow.
