Essential Cell Biology, 5th Edition: Complete Test Bank with Answers – Alberts et al.

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ESSENTIAL CELL BIOLOGY, FIFTHEDITION F F FF FF F




CHAPTER 1:CELLS:THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF LIFE FF F F FF F F FF FF




Unity and Diversity of Cells
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1-1 Living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and behavior. It isnestimated that ther
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e are between 10 million and 100 million different species. Despite this wide variety of organisms, it
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re mains difficult to define what it means to say something is alive. Which of the following can
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bendescrib ed as the smallest living unit?
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(a) DNA (b) cell ff


(c) organelle
(d) protein

1-2 Indicate whether thenfollowing statementsnare true or false. If the statement isnfalse, explain why it i
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s false.
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A. ThenParamecium isna multicellular microorganism covered with hairlike cilia. ff ff ff ff ff ff ff


B. Cells of different types can have different chemical requirements. C. ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff


Thenbranchlike extensions that sprout fromna single nerve cell in a
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mammalian brain can extend over several hundred micrometers.
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1-3 For each of the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the best word or phrase selected fromnthenli
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st below. Not all words or phrases will be used; each word or phrase should be used only once.
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Cells can be very diverse: superficially, they come in various sizes, ranging from bacterial
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cells such as Lactobacillus, which isna few
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in length, to larger cells such as a frog’s egg, which has a diameter of abo ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff f ff ff ff


ut onen
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. Despite the diversity, cells resemble each other to an astonishing degreen ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff


in their chemistry. For example, the same 20
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are used to make proteins. Similarly, the genetic information of all cells is ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff


stored in their
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. Although ff


contain thensamentypes of molecules as cells, their inability to reproduce t ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff


hemselves by their own efforts means that they are not considered living matter.
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amino acids ff micrometer(s) viruses
DNA millimeter(s) plant ff yeast
fatty acids ff s
ff


meter
ff plasma membranes ff

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Material




1-4 How does cellular specialization serve multicellular organisms and how might a
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high degreenof specialization be detrimental?
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1-5 The flow of genetic information is controlled by a series of biochemical reactions t
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hat result in thenproduction of proteins, each with its own specific order of amino a
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cids. Choose the correct series of biochemical reactions from the options presented
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here.
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(a) replication, transcription, translation ff ff


(b) replication, translation, transcription ff ff


(c) translation, transcription, replication ff ff


(d) translation, replication, transcription ff ff




1-6 Proteins arenimportant architectural and catalytic components within thencell, helpi
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ng to determine its chemistry, its shape, and its ability to respond to changes in
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the environment. Remarkably, all of the different proteins in a cell are made
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fromnthens ame 20
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. By linking them in different sequences, the cellncan ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff


make protein molecules with different conformations and surface chemistries,
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and therefore different functions.
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(a) nucleotides.
(b) sugars.
(c) amino acids. ff


(d) fatty acids. ff




1-7 Which statement is NOTtrue about mutations?
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(a) A mutation is a change in the DNAthat can generate offspring less fit for s
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urvival than their parents. ff ff ff ff


(b) A mutation can be a result of imperfect DNA duplication.
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(c) A mutation is a result of sexual reproduction.
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(d) A mutation is a change in the DNAthat can generate offspring thatnare as f it
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for survival asntheir parents are.
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1-8 Changes in DNA sequence from one generation to the next may result in offspring t
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hat arenaltered in fitness compared with their parents. The process of change and sel
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ection over thencourse of many generations is the basis of
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(a) mutation.
(b) evolution.
(c) heredity.
(d) reproduction.

1-9 Select thenoption that best finishes the following statement: ―Evolution isna
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process
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(a) that can be understood based on the principles of mutation and selection.
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(b) that results from repeated cycles of adaptation over billions of years.
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(c) by which all present-day cells arose from 4–5 different ancestralncells.
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(d) that requiresnhundredsnof thousands of years. ff ff ff ff

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Material




1-10 Select thenoption that correctly finishes the following statement: ―A cell’s genome
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.‖
(a) is defined as all the genes being used to make protein.
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(b) contains all of a cell’s DNA. ff ff ff ff ff


(c) constantly changes, depending upon the cell’s environment. ff ff ff ff ff ff


(d) is altered during embryonic development.
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Cells Under the Microscope
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1-11 Which statement is NOTtrue about the events/conclusions from studies during t
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he mid-1800snsurrounding the discovery of cells?
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(a) Cells came to be known as the smallest universal building block of living
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organisms. ff


(b) Scientists came to the conclusion that new cells can formnspontaneouslyf ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff f


rom the remnantsnof ruptured cells.
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(c) Light microscopy was essential in demonstrating the commonalities
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between plant and animal tissues.
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(d) New cellsnarise fromnthengrowth and division of previously existing cells.
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1-12 What unit of length would you generally use to measure a typical plant or animal c
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ell?
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(a) centimeters
(b) nanometers
(c) millimeters
(d) micrometers

1-13 Match the type of microscopy on the left with the corresponding description
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provided below. There isnone best match for each.
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A. confocal
B. transmission electron ff


C. fluorescence
D. phase-contrast
E. scanning electron ff


F. bright-field

f f uses a light microscope with an optical component to take advantage of the
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di fferent refractive indices of light passing through different regions of the
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cel l. ff ff


f f employs a light microscope and requires that samples be fixed and stained
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inn order to reveal cellular details.
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requires thenuse of twonsetsnof filters. The first filter narrows thenwavelength ran
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genthat reaches the specimen and the second blocks out all wavelengths thatn
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passnback upntontheneyepiece except for those emitted by the dyenin
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thensamp le. ff ff


scans thenspecimen with anfocused laser beam to obtain a series of two-
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dimensional optical sections, which can be used to reconstruct an
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imagenof ff