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Sumario ESOFAGO DE BARRET

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RESUMEN DE PATOLOGIA DE ESOFAGO DE BARRET Y DE SINDROME DE MALLORY-WEISS

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ESÓFAGO DE BARRETT
Definición

El esófago de Barrett es una enfermedad premaligna caracterizada por la metaplasia
del epitelio escamoso normal del esófago distal hacia epitelio columnar,
principalmente de tipo intestinal con células caliciformes, secundaria al reflujo
gastroesofágico crónico (ERGE). Esta metaplasia puede progresar en etapas a displasia
y finalmente a adenocarcinoma esofágico

Importancia Clínica

●​ Única lesión precursora identificable del adenocarcinoma esofágico​

●​ El riesgo de malignización aumenta con el grado de displasia​

●​ La progresión ocurre lentamente → permite detección, vigilancia y tratamiento
oportuno​

●​ Menos del 5% de los pacientes desarrollan cáncer

Etiología y Factores de Riesgo

Etiología principal

●​ ERGE crónica → exposición prolongada a ácido y bilis

Factores de riesgo

●​ Sexo masculino​

●​ Edad >50 años​

●​ Raza blanca no hispana​

●​ Obesidad central​

●​ Tabaquismo activo o previo​

●​ Antecedente familiar de Barrett o adenocarcinoma esofágico​

●​ ERGE + ≥3 factores = alto riesgo (indicación de tamizaje)

Epidemiología

, ●​ Prevalencia:​

○​ 0,8% población general​

○​ 3% en pacientes con ERGE​

○​ Hasta 23% con antecedentes familiares​

●​ Más frecuente en hombres (2:1)​

●​ Riesgo anual de adenocarcinoma:​

○​ Barrett no displásico: 0,1–0,5%​

○​ Displasia bajo grado: variable​

○​ Displasia alto grado: 23–60%

Fisiopatología

●​ ERGE crónica → inflamación persistente​

●​ Activación de citocinas inflamatorias (IL-8, IL-1β)​

●​ Inducción de factores de diferenciación intestinal (CDX2, MUC2)​

●​ Alteraciones moleculares tempranas:​

○​ p16​

○​ TP53​

●​ Progresión:​
Epitelio escamoso → epitelio columnar gástrico → metaplasia intestinal → displasia
→ adenocarcinoma

Histopatología

●​ Metaplasia intestinal con epitelio columnar y células caliciformes​

●​ Clasificación:​

○​ Sin displasia​

○​ Displasia indefinida​

○​ Displasia de bajo grado​

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