MNT Final Exam questions well
answered graded A+ 2025/2026
pancreas functions - correct answer ✔✔-endocrine- hormones (insulin)
-exocrine- enzymes (lipase)
pancreatitis symptoms - correct answer ✔✔-severe abdominal pain in UQ- worse w food
-distention
-steatorrhea
pancreatitis possible causes - correct answer ✔✔-exact cause unknown, chronic alcoholism,
gallstones, biliary tract disease, drugs
pancreatitis diagnosis - correct answer ✔✔-labs- WBC, BG, LDH, AST, Hct, BUN, pO2, Ca
-serum amylase and serum lipase labs
-chronic- more pancreas is destroyed, so fewer enzymes
acute pancreatitis MNT - correct answer ✔✔-NPO, withhold all feedings
-IV hydration, enteral feedings over PN unless severe
-glucose intolerance- insulin
-clear liquid, no fat
chronic pancreatitis MNT - correct answer ✔✔-low fat, high PRO, high CHO
-pancreatic enzyme replacement
-supplement fat soluble vitamins
,parenteral nutrition - correct answer ✔✔-nutrition provided outside the GI tract
-administered directly into the circulation
PN indications for use - correct answer ✔✔-nonfunctioning gut- unable to obtain adequate
nutrition enterally, inability to digest and/or absorb nutrients
-severe malnutrition and hypermetabolic states
PN contraindications - correct answer ✔✔-if the gut works, use it
-risks outweigh the benefits- infection, poor vein access
-aggressive nutrition support not desired by patient, hospital policy or legal issue
TPN - correct answer ✔✔-total parenteral nutrition- central vein (subclavian vein) to the
superior vena cava
-if high kcal needs, hypertonic solution into large volume of blood (4000+ kcal/d), fluid
restriction
-for long term use (more than 5-7 days)
-more involved procedure & expensive
PPN - correct answer ✔✔-peripheral parenteral nutrition- peripheral vein (wrist)
-short term use (less than 5-7 days)
-isotonic, slightly hypertonic (700-1800 kcal/d), adjunctive therapy
-condition of veins- phlebitis, must have good lipid clearance
PN- assessment of patients - correct answer ✔✔-care not to overfeed- increases blood glucose,
increases CO2 production, hepatic function
-care in using injury factors- increases calorie
, -refeeding syndrome- give too many kcals
PN- CHO source - correct answer ✔✔-dextrose monohydrate= 3.4 kcal/g dilute w water
-D-glucose- isomer, simple sugar (monosaccharide)
-final concentration- 15, 25, 35 - written D15, D25
PN- PRO source - correct answer ✔✔-synthetic amino acids= 4kcal/g
-final concentration- 3.0, 4.25, 6.0
-ratio - NPC:N
PN- lipid source - correct answer ✔✔-administered separately or less frequent- mixed
-need some fat for essential FA requirements- now more for source of energy
-3 major components- egg yolk (9 kcal/g), phospholipid (9 kcal/g), glycerol (4.3 kcal/g)
-emulsions available- 10%= 1.1 kcal/mL, 20%= 2.0 kcal/mL
-2 sizes of bottles- 250/500 mL
-calorie dense- 4000-5000 cals
-caution - monitor abnormal lipid metabolism
-isotonic does not affect osmolarity
PN- fluid needs - correct answer ✔✔30-40 mL/kg BW
1 mL of free water for 1 kcal
PN- electrolytes - correct answer ✔✔-Na, K, Mg, Ca, P, Cl
-added to promote efficient tissue synthesis
-malnourished- increased need for Mg, P, K
answered graded A+ 2025/2026
pancreas functions - correct answer ✔✔-endocrine- hormones (insulin)
-exocrine- enzymes (lipase)
pancreatitis symptoms - correct answer ✔✔-severe abdominal pain in UQ- worse w food
-distention
-steatorrhea
pancreatitis possible causes - correct answer ✔✔-exact cause unknown, chronic alcoholism,
gallstones, biliary tract disease, drugs
pancreatitis diagnosis - correct answer ✔✔-labs- WBC, BG, LDH, AST, Hct, BUN, pO2, Ca
-serum amylase and serum lipase labs
-chronic- more pancreas is destroyed, so fewer enzymes
acute pancreatitis MNT - correct answer ✔✔-NPO, withhold all feedings
-IV hydration, enteral feedings over PN unless severe
-glucose intolerance- insulin
-clear liquid, no fat
chronic pancreatitis MNT - correct answer ✔✔-low fat, high PRO, high CHO
-pancreatic enzyme replacement
-supplement fat soluble vitamins
,parenteral nutrition - correct answer ✔✔-nutrition provided outside the GI tract
-administered directly into the circulation
PN indications for use - correct answer ✔✔-nonfunctioning gut- unable to obtain adequate
nutrition enterally, inability to digest and/or absorb nutrients
-severe malnutrition and hypermetabolic states
PN contraindications - correct answer ✔✔-if the gut works, use it
-risks outweigh the benefits- infection, poor vein access
-aggressive nutrition support not desired by patient, hospital policy or legal issue
TPN - correct answer ✔✔-total parenteral nutrition- central vein (subclavian vein) to the
superior vena cava
-if high kcal needs, hypertonic solution into large volume of blood (4000+ kcal/d), fluid
restriction
-for long term use (more than 5-7 days)
-more involved procedure & expensive
PPN - correct answer ✔✔-peripheral parenteral nutrition- peripheral vein (wrist)
-short term use (less than 5-7 days)
-isotonic, slightly hypertonic (700-1800 kcal/d), adjunctive therapy
-condition of veins- phlebitis, must have good lipid clearance
PN- assessment of patients - correct answer ✔✔-care not to overfeed- increases blood glucose,
increases CO2 production, hepatic function
-care in using injury factors- increases calorie
, -refeeding syndrome- give too many kcals
PN- CHO source - correct answer ✔✔-dextrose monohydrate= 3.4 kcal/g dilute w water
-D-glucose- isomer, simple sugar (monosaccharide)
-final concentration- 15, 25, 35 - written D15, D25
PN- PRO source - correct answer ✔✔-synthetic amino acids= 4kcal/g
-final concentration- 3.0, 4.25, 6.0
-ratio - NPC:N
PN- lipid source - correct answer ✔✔-administered separately or less frequent- mixed
-need some fat for essential FA requirements- now more for source of energy
-3 major components- egg yolk (9 kcal/g), phospholipid (9 kcal/g), glycerol (4.3 kcal/g)
-emulsions available- 10%= 1.1 kcal/mL, 20%= 2.0 kcal/mL
-2 sizes of bottles- 250/500 mL
-calorie dense- 4000-5000 cals
-caution - monitor abnormal lipid metabolism
-isotonic does not affect osmolarity
PN- fluid needs - correct answer ✔✔30-40 mL/kg BW
1 mL of free water for 1 kcal
PN- electrolytes - correct answer ✔✔-Na, K, Mg, Ca, P, Cl
-added to promote efficient tissue synthesis
-malnourished- increased need for Mg, P, K
