Advanced Physiology Exam 1
What are the fundamental concepts of Physiology? - Answer-Homeostasis
Feedback
Redundancy
Integration
Define Homeostasis - Answer-Maintaining physiological variables within a relatively narrow range,
regardless of the extrenal (outside temp.) stress or internal stress (low blood sugar).
Two kinds of Feedback - Answer-Positive Feedback (1-5%)
Negative Feedback (95-99%)
The idea of Negative Feedback - Answer-When a sensor (thermostat) detects a level (set point) of the
output (cold air) of a controller (A/C unit) and leads to
LESS OUTPUT.
Example of Negative Feedback Scenario - Answer-Insulin secretion in response to high blood glucose,
when blood glucose levels drop, insulin secretion stops.
Positive Feedback - Answer-LEADS TO MORE OUTPUT
Example of Positive feedback scenario - Answer-Oxytocin released in response to contractions of uterus
and leads to MORE contractions of uterus
,Define Redundancy - Answer-having more than one system in place to HELP attain the goal of
homeostasis.
Example of Redundancy: - Answer-Insulin/Glucagon primary mechanism
Growth Hormone- also INFLUENCES blood glucose.
Define Integration: - Answer-The working together of multiple physiological systems to maintain
homeostasis.
Example of Integration - Answer-GOAL: maintain adequate perfusion of oxygenated blood to ALL tissue.
Cardiovascular system MUST work with respiratory system.
ACH ACHE ACHE Inhibitor - Answer-ACH- acetylcholine
ACHE - Pacman -eats acetylcholine
ACHE Inhibitor - bug spray (kills pacman)
Serotonin - Answer-Similar example to ACH.
too little 5HT = depression
Serotonin Reuptake
SSRI's - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Antagonist - Answer-binds, but no effect
Agonist - Answer-mimic effect of hormone or neurotransmitter
, Ca2+ as a second messenger
Name two ways to raise Ca2+ - Answer-1) [Entry from outside]
a) voltage-gated Ca2+ channel
b) ligand-gated Ca2+ channel
2) [Release from storage on inside]
a) endoplasmic reticulum
b) sarcoplasmic reticulum = muscles dummy
All __________ _________ hormones have a hypothalamic factor(s) regulating the ________ _____
hormone secretion. - Answer-All Anterior Pituitary hormones have a hypothalamic factor or factors
regulating the Anterior Pituitary hormone secretion.
Define lipophillic as it pertains to Hormones - Answer-Hormones ability to pass through membrane and
bind to an intracellular receptor.
Examples of INTRAcellular receptors - Answer-cytosol --> transfer to nucleus
nuclear receptor
Define lipophobic as it pertains to hormones - Answer-hormone CANNOT pass through lipid membrane.
It must bind to a transmembrane receptor.
Define Mechanisms of Action - Answer-How a hormone talks to a cell.
__________ hormones are fast acting, short lasting. - Answer-Lipophobic
What are the fundamental concepts of Physiology? - Answer-Homeostasis
Feedback
Redundancy
Integration
Define Homeostasis - Answer-Maintaining physiological variables within a relatively narrow range,
regardless of the extrenal (outside temp.) stress or internal stress (low blood sugar).
Two kinds of Feedback - Answer-Positive Feedback (1-5%)
Negative Feedback (95-99%)
The idea of Negative Feedback - Answer-When a sensor (thermostat) detects a level (set point) of the
output (cold air) of a controller (A/C unit) and leads to
LESS OUTPUT.
Example of Negative Feedback Scenario - Answer-Insulin secretion in response to high blood glucose,
when blood glucose levels drop, insulin secretion stops.
Positive Feedback - Answer-LEADS TO MORE OUTPUT
Example of Positive feedback scenario - Answer-Oxytocin released in response to contractions of uterus
and leads to MORE contractions of uterus
,Define Redundancy - Answer-having more than one system in place to HELP attain the goal of
homeostasis.
Example of Redundancy: - Answer-Insulin/Glucagon primary mechanism
Growth Hormone- also INFLUENCES blood glucose.
Define Integration: - Answer-The working together of multiple physiological systems to maintain
homeostasis.
Example of Integration - Answer-GOAL: maintain adequate perfusion of oxygenated blood to ALL tissue.
Cardiovascular system MUST work with respiratory system.
ACH ACHE ACHE Inhibitor - Answer-ACH- acetylcholine
ACHE - Pacman -eats acetylcholine
ACHE Inhibitor - bug spray (kills pacman)
Serotonin - Answer-Similar example to ACH.
too little 5HT = depression
Serotonin Reuptake
SSRI's - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Antagonist - Answer-binds, but no effect
Agonist - Answer-mimic effect of hormone or neurotransmitter
, Ca2+ as a second messenger
Name two ways to raise Ca2+ - Answer-1) [Entry from outside]
a) voltage-gated Ca2+ channel
b) ligand-gated Ca2+ channel
2) [Release from storage on inside]
a) endoplasmic reticulum
b) sarcoplasmic reticulum = muscles dummy
All __________ _________ hormones have a hypothalamic factor(s) regulating the ________ _____
hormone secretion. - Answer-All Anterior Pituitary hormones have a hypothalamic factor or factors
regulating the Anterior Pituitary hormone secretion.
Define lipophillic as it pertains to Hormones - Answer-Hormones ability to pass through membrane and
bind to an intracellular receptor.
Examples of INTRAcellular receptors - Answer-cytosol --> transfer to nucleus
nuclear receptor
Define lipophobic as it pertains to hormones - Answer-hormone CANNOT pass through lipid membrane.
It must bind to a transmembrane receptor.
Define Mechanisms of Action - Answer-How a hormone talks to a cell.
__________ hormones are fast acting, short lasting. - Answer-Lipophobic
