Pharmacology Exam Questions for Pharmacy
1. Definition of pharmacology. Definition of the drug. Determination of active substance and excipients.
Various origins of the active principle.
2. Drug design: preclinical research and clinical research. Name of medicinal products: trade name and INN.
Generic specialty.
3. Magistral prescription and officinal prescription. Classification of drugs according to their usage. Drugs
lists (OTC, with prescriptions). Prescription’s structure.
4. Transmembrane transport mechanisms: characteristics of simple diffusion, active transport and facilitated
diffusion. Effect of lipophilicity/hydrophilicity, ionization. Determination of the first pass effect.
5. Advantages and disadvantages of oral, sublingual, rectal, intranasal and buccal routes of administration.
6. Advantages and disadvantages of intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, inhalation and transdermal
routes of administration.
7. Bioavailability: definition. Absolute and relative bioavailability. Examples of bioavailability by different
routes of administration. Factors affecting bioavailability. Concept of first pass effect.
8. Distribution of drugs in the body: definition. Characteristics of the vascular stage: the role of blood plasma
proteins. Characterization of the tissue stage: biological barriers, their characteristics. Factors affecting
distribution. Determination of the volume of distribution.
9. Biotransformation (metabolism) of drugs: definition. Organs responsible for biotransformation (metabo-
lism). The first phase of biotransformation: definition, examples of reactions. The second phase of bio-
transformation: definition, examples of reactions. Factors affecting biotransformation.
10. Drug excretion: definition. Features of renal excretion, properties of excreted drugs. Characteristics of
other routes of excretion. Definition of half-life. Definition of clearance.
11. Types of drug action: main action, side effect, local action, resorptive action, reflex action. Examples.
12. Definition of pharmacological effect. Definition of the molecular target. Mechanisms of action of drugs:
classification. Characterization of non-specific mechanisms of action. Definition of ligands.
13. The characteristics of the ligand-receptor bond: reversibility, affinity, selectivity. Definition of agonists
and antagonists.
14. Characteristics of the main types of receptors: G protein-coupled receptors, ion channel-coupled receptors
and enzyme receptors. Their structure and functioning. Agonists and antagonists of these receptors.
15. Characteristics of target proteins providing transmembrane passage of an ion (cationic and anionic), tar-
gets providing transmembrane passage of ion pumps, targets providing transmembrane passage of target
proteins with an enzymatic role: mechanisms of action and examples. Agonists and antagonists.
16. Pharmacological response variability factors: influence of gender, age, dosage form, pathological factors,
dosage.
17. Pharmacological response variability factors: genetic variability, chronopharmacodynamics, pregnancy,
breastfeeding, diet.
18. Definitions of therapeutic, toxic and lethal doses. activity and efficiency. Therapeutic index.
19. Effects of repeated administration of drugs: definition of tolerance, dependence, accumulation and sensi-
tization.
20. Pharmacokinetic interaction of drugs at the stage of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
Examples .
21. Definition of pharmacodynamic interaction. Definition of additive effect, synergy, potentiation, antago-
nism. Examples.
22. Preventive therapy, Replacement therapy, curative therapy, symptomatic therapy. Definition of OTC
(Over The Counter) drugs.
, 23. Definition of adverse reaction. Characteristics and examples of typical reactions A, B, C, D.
24. Antiseptics and disinfectants: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects,
indications, adverse effects.
25. Beta-lactam antibiotics: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indica-
tions, adverse effects.
26. Aminoglycosides: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indications,
adverse effects.
27. Amphenicols and tetracyclines: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects,
indications, adverse effects.
28. Macrolides, polymyxins and glycopeptides: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmaco-
logical effects, indications, adverse effects.
29. Fluoroquinolones, nitroimidazoles, nitrofurans, oxazolidinones: definition, classification, mechanisms of
action, pharmacological effects, indications, adverse effects.
30. Sulfonamides: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indications, ad-
verse effects.
31. Anti-tuberculosis drugs: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indi-
cations, adverse effects.
32. Antivirals (anti-influenza, anti-herpes, antiretrovirals): definition, classification, mechanisms of action,
pharmacological effects, indications, adverse effects.
33. Antifungals: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indications, ad-
verse effects.
34. Drugs used for the treatment of dermatomycosis: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, phar-
macological effects, indications, adverse effects.
35. Antiprotozoal drugs: Antimalarials, antiamoebics, antigiardiases: definition, classification, mechanisms
of action, pharmacological effects, indications, adverse effects.
36. Anthelmintics: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indications, ad-
verse effects.
37. Anticancer drugs: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indications,
adverse effects.
38. Local anesthetics: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indications,
adverse effects.
39. Astringents, coating substances, adsorbents, irritants: definition, classification, mechanisms of action,
pharmacological effects, indications, adverse effects.
40. Muscarinic receptor agonists: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects,
indications, adverse effects.
41. Nicotinic receptor agonists: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, in-
dications, adverse effects.
42. Anticholinesterases: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indica-
tions, adverse effects.
43. Muscarinic receptor antagonists: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological ef-
fects, indications, adverse effects.
44. Ganglion blockers: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indications,
adverse effects.
45. Peripheral muscle relaxants: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects,
indications, adverse effects.
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1. Definition of pharmacology. Definition of the drug. Determination of active substance and excipients.
Various origins of the active principle.
2. Drug design: preclinical research and clinical research. Name of medicinal products: trade name and INN.
Generic specialty.
3. Magistral prescription and officinal prescription. Classification of drugs according to their usage. Drugs
lists (OTC, with prescriptions). Prescription’s structure.
4. Transmembrane transport mechanisms: characteristics of simple diffusion, active transport and facilitated
diffusion. Effect of lipophilicity/hydrophilicity, ionization. Determination of the first pass effect.
5. Advantages and disadvantages of oral, sublingual, rectal, intranasal and buccal routes of administration.
6. Advantages and disadvantages of intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, inhalation and transdermal
routes of administration.
7. Bioavailability: definition. Absolute and relative bioavailability. Examples of bioavailability by different
routes of administration. Factors affecting bioavailability. Concept of first pass effect.
8. Distribution of drugs in the body: definition. Characteristics of the vascular stage: the role of blood plasma
proteins. Characterization of the tissue stage: biological barriers, their characteristics. Factors affecting
distribution. Determination of the volume of distribution.
9. Biotransformation (metabolism) of drugs: definition. Organs responsible for biotransformation (metabo-
lism). The first phase of biotransformation: definition, examples of reactions. The second phase of bio-
transformation: definition, examples of reactions. Factors affecting biotransformation.
10. Drug excretion: definition. Features of renal excretion, properties of excreted drugs. Characteristics of
other routes of excretion. Definition of half-life. Definition of clearance.
11. Types of drug action: main action, side effect, local action, resorptive action, reflex action. Examples.
12. Definition of pharmacological effect. Definition of the molecular target. Mechanisms of action of drugs:
classification. Characterization of non-specific mechanisms of action. Definition of ligands.
13. The characteristics of the ligand-receptor bond: reversibility, affinity, selectivity. Definition of agonists
and antagonists.
14. Characteristics of the main types of receptors: G protein-coupled receptors, ion channel-coupled receptors
and enzyme receptors. Their structure and functioning. Agonists and antagonists of these receptors.
15. Characteristics of target proteins providing transmembrane passage of an ion (cationic and anionic), tar-
gets providing transmembrane passage of ion pumps, targets providing transmembrane passage of target
proteins with an enzymatic role: mechanisms of action and examples. Agonists and antagonists.
16. Pharmacological response variability factors: influence of gender, age, dosage form, pathological factors,
dosage.
17. Pharmacological response variability factors: genetic variability, chronopharmacodynamics, pregnancy,
breastfeeding, diet.
18. Definitions of therapeutic, toxic and lethal doses. activity and efficiency. Therapeutic index.
19. Effects of repeated administration of drugs: definition of tolerance, dependence, accumulation and sensi-
tization.
20. Pharmacokinetic interaction of drugs at the stage of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
Examples .
21. Definition of pharmacodynamic interaction. Definition of additive effect, synergy, potentiation, antago-
nism. Examples.
22. Preventive therapy, Replacement therapy, curative therapy, symptomatic therapy. Definition of OTC
(Over The Counter) drugs.
, 23. Definition of adverse reaction. Characteristics and examples of typical reactions A, B, C, D.
24. Antiseptics and disinfectants: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects,
indications, adverse effects.
25. Beta-lactam antibiotics: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indica-
tions, adverse effects.
26. Aminoglycosides: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indications,
adverse effects.
27. Amphenicols and tetracyclines: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects,
indications, adverse effects.
28. Macrolides, polymyxins and glycopeptides: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmaco-
logical effects, indications, adverse effects.
29. Fluoroquinolones, nitroimidazoles, nitrofurans, oxazolidinones: definition, classification, mechanisms of
action, pharmacological effects, indications, adverse effects.
30. Sulfonamides: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indications, ad-
verse effects.
31. Anti-tuberculosis drugs: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indi-
cations, adverse effects.
32. Antivirals (anti-influenza, anti-herpes, antiretrovirals): definition, classification, mechanisms of action,
pharmacological effects, indications, adverse effects.
33. Antifungals: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indications, ad-
verse effects.
34. Drugs used for the treatment of dermatomycosis: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, phar-
macological effects, indications, adverse effects.
35. Antiprotozoal drugs: Antimalarials, antiamoebics, antigiardiases: definition, classification, mechanisms
of action, pharmacological effects, indications, adverse effects.
36. Anthelmintics: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indications, ad-
verse effects.
37. Anticancer drugs: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indications,
adverse effects.
38. Local anesthetics: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indications,
adverse effects.
39. Astringents, coating substances, adsorbents, irritants: definition, classification, mechanisms of action,
pharmacological effects, indications, adverse effects.
40. Muscarinic receptor agonists: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects,
indications, adverse effects.
41. Nicotinic receptor agonists: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, in-
dications, adverse effects.
42. Anticholinesterases: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indica-
tions, adverse effects.
43. Muscarinic receptor antagonists: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological ef-
fects, indications, adverse effects.
44. Ganglion blockers: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indications,
adverse effects.
45. Peripheral muscle relaxants: definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects,
indications, adverse effects.
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