Translation stop site
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stop codon of 3' end of mRNA in the last exon of coding region of a
transcript
-ribosome dissociates, protein is made
cq: Rank the likelihood of the following changes caused by a substitution mutation:
A-substitution of one amino acid for another,
B-a shortened protein sequence,
C-no change in the amino acids of a protein,
D-a longer protein sequence.
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, A, C, B, D
i think- i guessed
Gene (eukaryotic)
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consists of:
1. Transcribed section of DNA
2. Cis-Regulatory Elements (CREs): DNA sequences that contribute to
phenotypic trait- influences structure/function of organism (genes can
share enhancers)
genes can overlap
genes can be on either strand (transcription can go both ways)
spontaneous deamination
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changes nucleotide causing substitution mutation
cytosine (C)--> Uracil (U)
DNA intercalating chemicals
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class of chemicals that cause indels by:
shoving themselves between nitrogenous bases of dsDNA helix, disrupting
DNA structure during replication, leading to insertions
(DNA polymerase senses bulge and inserts mutation accidentally)
, ex: Ethidium bromide (DNA dye), benzo(a)pyrene, BaP(major mutagen of
tobacco smoke)
Mitochondrial genome
-relative size
-shape
-gene placement
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-circular.
-Very tiny. 17,000 bp in humans, 78,000 in yeast
-1000-5000 molecules per animal cell
-Very compact. Most of the genome encodes protein.
DNA transposons
-% genome
-function and how
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-Make up 3% of human genome
-Also get transcribed and translated
-However, no reverse transcription occurs
-DNA transposon encodes transposases which simply cut out
transposon, and insert it in a new place.
-The transposon can get replicated if it is cut out during
DNA replication and both "land" back in parental strand.
chromatin
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any DNA sequences AND associated proteins (histones)
Heterochromatin & Euchromatin
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Euchromatin: loosely packed nucleosomes, actively transcribed
-high CG content (gene rich)
-unwrapped and free in nucleus
-made of active TADs
Heterochromatin: condensed, tightly packed nucleosomes, inactive and
not transcribed (atm)
-attached to nuclear envelope (membrane)
-high AT content (gene poor)
-made of inactive TADs
Primary transcript (pre-mRNA)
-define
-function
-location
-size
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first copy of RNA made from transcription
size: 2500 bp?
location: in nucleus (need to go thru RNA modification)
function: so u can do alternative splicing for different types of the gene for
cell types
Give this one a try later!
stop codon of 3' end of mRNA in the last exon of coding region of a
transcript
-ribosome dissociates, protein is made
cq: Rank the likelihood of the following changes caused by a substitution mutation:
A-substitution of one amino acid for another,
B-a shortened protein sequence,
C-no change in the amino acids of a protein,
D-a longer protein sequence.
Give this one a try later!
, A, C, B, D
i think- i guessed
Gene (eukaryotic)
Give this one a try later!
consists of:
1. Transcribed section of DNA
2. Cis-Regulatory Elements (CREs): DNA sequences that contribute to
phenotypic trait- influences structure/function of organism (genes can
share enhancers)
genes can overlap
genes can be on either strand (transcription can go both ways)
spontaneous deamination
Give this one a try later!
changes nucleotide causing substitution mutation
cytosine (C)--> Uracil (U)
DNA intercalating chemicals
Give this one a try later!
class of chemicals that cause indels by:
shoving themselves between nitrogenous bases of dsDNA helix, disrupting
DNA structure during replication, leading to insertions
(DNA polymerase senses bulge and inserts mutation accidentally)
, ex: Ethidium bromide (DNA dye), benzo(a)pyrene, BaP(major mutagen of
tobacco smoke)
Mitochondrial genome
-relative size
-shape
-gene placement
Give this one a try later!
-circular.
-Very tiny. 17,000 bp in humans, 78,000 in yeast
-1000-5000 molecules per animal cell
-Very compact. Most of the genome encodes protein.
DNA transposons
-% genome
-function and how
Give this one a try later!
-Make up 3% of human genome
-Also get transcribed and translated
-However, no reverse transcription occurs
-DNA transposon encodes transposases which simply cut out
transposon, and insert it in a new place.
-The transposon can get replicated if it is cut out during
DNA replication and both "land" back in parental strand.
chromatin
, Give this one a try later!
any DNA sequences AND associated proteins (histones)
Heterochromatin & Euchromatin
Give this one a try later!
Euchromatin: loosely packed nucleosomes, actively transcribed
-high CG content (gene rich)
-unwrapped and free in nucleus
-made of active TADs
Heterochromatin: condensed, tightly packed nucleosomes, inactive and
not transcribed (atm)
-attached to nuclear envelope (membrane)
-high AT content (gene poor)
-made of inactive TADs
Primary transcript (pre-mRNA)
-define
-function
-location
-size
Give this one a try later!
first copy of RNA made from transcription
size: 2500 bp?
location: in nucleus (need to go thru RNA modification)
function: so u can do alternative splicing for different types of the gene for
cell types
