NHM 101 Final UA questions with
complete solutions graded A+
2025/2026
Six Major Classes Of Nutrients - correct answer ✔✔Carbohydrates
Protein
Lipids (fats)
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
Macronutrients - correct answer ✔✔Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids (fats)
Micronutrients - correct answer ✔✔Vitamins, Minerals
Which nutrients provide energy? - correct answer ✔✔Carbohydrates = 4kcal/gm
Proteins = 4kcal/gm
Lipids (fats) = 9kcal/gm
Alcohol = 7kcal/gm (not a nutrient but does contribute energy)
What are the dietary reference intakes? - correct answer ✔✔UL, RDA, AI
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) - correct answer ✔✔highest level of daily nutrient intake that
is unlikely to have adverse health effects
,Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) - correct answer ✔✔Amount of nutrient needed to meet
the requirements of almost all healthy individuals (97-98%)
Serve as goal intake for individuals, not populations
Adequate Intake (AI) - correct answer ✔✔Average daily amount of a nutrient that appears
sufficient
Sufficient scientific evidence is not available to an EAR (an EAR is needed to determine RDA)
Best Source of Nutrition Information - correct answer ✔✔Qualified Nutrition Professionals
-registered dietician
-some physicians
Research studies
-double-blind, randomized, control trial is gold standard
-www.pubmed.com
-Don't take what just one study says. Look at multiple studies or find a review article
MyPlate - correct answer ✔✔Visual representation of food groups
fruits, vegetables, grains, protein, dairy
Food Groups - correct answer ✔✔Each food group and subgroup provides an array of nutrients
Five major food groups of the USDA Food Patterns
-fruits, vegetables, grains, protein foods, milk, and milk products
Foods from all of the food groups should be eaten in nutrient dense forms
Nutrition facts labels - correct answer ✔✔Required Information on Label
- serving size
- number of servings
,- calories per serving
- total, saturated, and trans fat
- cholesterol
- sodium
- total carbs, fiber, sugar, and added sugar
- protein
Old:
- vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, iron
New:
- vitamin D, calcium, iron, potassium
Ingredient Label - correct answer ✔✔Listed from most abundant to least abundant
Fat-free - correct answer ✔✔less than 0.5 gram of fat per servings
Nutrition claims on labels - correct answer ✔✔Health claims must meet FDA definitions
-reduces the risk of breast cancer
-must have evidence to back this statement
Structure-function claims do not require FDA approval
-Ex. Improves memory or builds strong bones
-Be a wise consumer
Label definitions to remember
-Fat-free
-Low fat
-Trans fat-free
-Light or lite
, -Organic
Low fat - correct answer ✔✔three grams of fat or less per serving
Trans fat-free - correct answer ✔✔less than 0.5 gram of trans fat and less than 0.5 gram of
saturated fat per serving
Light or lite - correct answer ✔✔1/3 fewer kcal than the comparison food
Organic - correct answer ✔✔at least 95% of the products ingredients have been grown and
processed according to USDA regulations
Mouth - correct answer ✔✔The process of digestion begins in the mouth
-chewing and crushing food pieces
-fluids from food/beverages and from salivary glands blend with food for easy swallowing
Food is swallowed, passes through pharynx (short tube shared by both digestive and respiratory
system), epiglottis closes off the airway, food enters the esophagus as the upper esophageal
sphincter opens
Carbohydrate digestion begins here
Esophagus - correct answer ✔✔Upper esophageal sphincter opens and food enters into the
esophagus
-sphincter muscle at each end of the esophagus
Food moves through the esophagus and passes through a hole in the diaphragm
Lower esophageal sphincter opens to allow food into the stomach
Stomach - correct answer ✔✔Food particles enter stomach upon the opening of the lower
esophageal sphincter
complete solutions graded A+
2025/2026
Six Major Classes Of Nutrients - correct answer ✔✔Carbohydrates
Protein
Lipids (fats)
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
Macronutrients - correct answer ✔✔Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids (fats)
Micronutrients - correct answer ✔✔Vitamins, Minerals
Which nutrients provide energy? - correct answer ✔✔Carbohydrates = 4kcal/gm
Proteins = 4kcal/gm
Lipids (fats) = 9kcal/gm
Alcohol = 7kcal/gm (not a nutrient but does contribute energy)
What are the dietary reference intakes? - correct answer ✔✔UL, RDA, AI
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) - correct answer ✔✔highest level of daily nutrient intake that
is unlikely to have adverse health effects
,Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) - correct answer ✔✔Amount of nutrient needed to meet
the requirements of almost all healthy individuals (97-98%)
Serve as goal intake for individuals, not populations
Adequate Intake (AI) - correct answer ✔✔Average daily amount of a nutrient that appears
sufficient
Sufficient scientific evidence is not available to an EAR (an EAR is needed to determine RDA)
Best Source of Nutrition Information - correct answer ✔✔Qualified Nutrition Professionals
-registered dietician
-some physicians
Research studies
-double-blind, randomized, control trial is gold standard
-www.pubmed.com
-Don't take what just one study says. Look at multiple studies or find a review article
MyPlate - correct answer ✔✔Visual representation of food groups
fruits, vegetables, grains, protein, dairy
Food Groups - correct answer ✔✔Each food group and subgroup provides an array of nutrients
Five major food groups of the USDA Food Patterns
-fruits, vegetables, grains, protein foods, milk, and milk products
Foods from all of the food groups should be eaten in nutrient dense forms
Nutrition facts labels - correct answer ✔✔Required Information on Label
- serving size
- number of servings
,- calories per serving
- total, saturated, and trans fat
- cholesterol
- sodium
- total carbs, fiber, sugar, and added sugar
- protein
Old:
- vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, iron
New:
- vitamin D, calcium, iron, potassium
Ingredient Label - correct answer ✔✔Listed from most abundant to least abundant
Fat-free - correct answer ✔✔less than 0.5 gram of fat per servings
Nutrition claims on labels - correct answer ✔✔Health claims must meet FDA definitions
-reduces the risk of breast cancer
-must have evidence to back this statement
Structure-function claims do not require FDA approval
-Ex. Improves memory or builds strong bones
-Be a wise consumer
Label definitions to remember
-Fat-free
-Low fat
-Trans fat-free
-Light or lite
, -Organic
Low fat - correct answer ✔✔three grams of fat or less per serving
Trans fat-free - correct answer ✔✔less than 0.5 gram of trans fat and less than 0.5 gram of
saturated fat per serving
Light or lite - correct answer ✔✔1/3 fewer kcal than the comparison food
Organic - correct answer ✔✔at least 95% of the products ingredients have been grown and
processed according to USDA regulations
Mouth - correct answer ✔✔The process of digestion begins in the mouth
-chewing and crushing food pieces
-fluids from food/beverages and from salivary glands blend with food for easy swallowing
Food is swallowed, passes through pharynx (short tube shared by both digestive and respiratory
system), epiglottis closes off the airway, food enters the esophagus as the upper esophageal
sphincter opens
Carbohydrate digestion begins here
Esophagus - correct answer ✔✔Upper esophageal sphincter opens and food enters into the
esophagus
-sphincter muscle at each end of the esophagus
Food moves through the esophagus and passes through a hole in the diaphragm
Lower esophageal sphincter opens to allow food into the stomach
Stomach - correct answer ✔✔Food particles enter stomach upon the opening of the lower
esophageal sphincter
