TEST BANK FORPATHOPHYSIOLOGY
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PRACTICAL APPROACH5TH EDITION BYLACHEL ST
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ORY QUESTIONS & 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS
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GRADED A+LATEST UPDATE
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,CHAPTER 1 — CELLULAR FUNCTION z l zl zl z l
Question1 — (energyproduction) zl zl zl zl
Which organelle is the primary site ofaerobic ATP productionvia oxidative phosphory
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lation?
A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum zl zl
B. Mitochondrion
C. Ribosome
D. Lysosome
Correctanswer:B. Mitochondrion Rational
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e:
Mitochondriagenerate the majority ofcellular ATPbyoxidative phosphorylation
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(electron transportchain + chemiosmosis) in the presenceofoxygen.
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Ais incorrect —
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smoothER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification, no
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t major ATP production.
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Cis incorrect — ribosomes synthesize proteins.
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Dis incorrect —
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lysosomes digest macromolecules and damaged organelles but do not produce
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ATP.
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Question2 — Membrane transport zl zl zl zl
Apatient receives an IVdrug that must enter cells against a concentration gradient. Whi
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ch transport mechanism is most likely responsible?
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A. Simple diffusion throughthe lipid bilayer
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B. Facilitated diffusion through achannel protein zl zl zl zl zl
C. Primary activetransport using ATP (e.g.,Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase)
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D. Osmosis
Correctanswer:C. Primary active transport using ATP (e.g., Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase) Rationale:
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Movement against aconcentration gradient requires energy input; primary active
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transportdirectly uses ATP (oran ATPase) to pump ions or molecules.
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A and B are passive (do not move substances uphill).
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, D(osmosis)is passive movement ofwater across a semipermeable m
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embrane down its gradient. zl zl zl
Question3 — Facilitateddiffusion example zl zl zl zl zl
Glucoseentryinto skeletal muscle during resting conditions (no insulin present) predominantly
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occurs by: zl
A. Simple diffusion through the membrane zl zl zl zl
B. Facilitated diffusion via GLUT transporters (down its concentration gradient)
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C. ActivetransportbyNa⁺/glucose cotransporterrequiring ATP
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D. Endocytosis
Correctanswer:B. Facilitateddiffusion via GLUT transporters Rati
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onale:
Glucosecrosses membranes via GLUT transporters (carrier proteins) byfacilitated diff
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usion when no energy is required and transport follows the concentration gradient.
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Ais incorrect — glucose is polar and cannot passbysimple diffusion.
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C(Na⁺/glucose cotransport)is used in some epithelia (e.g.,intestinal/renal) an
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d is secondaryactive, not the predominant mechanism in resting muscle.
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Dis incorrect —
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endocytosis is notthe routine mechanism for glucose uptake.
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Question4 — Osmotic effects on red blood cells
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Apatient’s red blood cells placed in a hypertonic IVsolution will:
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A. Swell and potentially lyse (hemolysis)
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B. Shrink (crenate) as water leaves thecell
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C. Remain unchanged becauseRBC membranes are impermeable to water
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D. Gainsodiumvia active transportand maintain size
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Correctanswer:B. Shrink (crenate) as waterleaves the cell Rational
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e:
Ina hypertonic environment, extracellular osmolarity is higher than intracellular;
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water moves out ofthe cell by osmosis,causing cell shrinkage (crenation).
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, Ais what happens in hypotonic solutions (water moves in).
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Cis false — water crosses membranes rapidly (aquaporins).
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Dis incorrect — acute sodiumpumping cannot prevent osmotic water shifts.
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Question5 — Cellular adaptation(definitions)
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Which term bestdescribes an increase in cell size (e.g., cardiac myocytes enlarging fro
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m chronic pressure overload)?
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A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correctanswer:C. Hypertrophy Rationale:
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Hypertrophy= increase in cell size (often with increased functional capacity). For
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example, cardiac myocyte hypertrophyoccurs with chronic increased workload.
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A(hyperplasia) = increasein cell number.
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B(atrophy) = decreasein cell size and/or number.
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D(metaplasia) =replacement ofone adult cell type with another (adaptive ch
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ange).
Question6 — Apoptosis vs necrosis zl zl zl zl zl
Which statement correctly distinguishes apoptosisfromnecrosis?
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A. Apoptosis isaninflammatory, uncontrolled cell death; necrosis is programmed an
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d energy-dependent.
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B. Apoptosisis energy-dependent, orderly, and typically non-
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inflammatory; necrosis causes membrane rupture and inflammation. zl zl zl z l zl zl
C. Apoptosis only occurs in responseto infection; necrosis only occurs with isc
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hemia.
D. Apoptosis always leads totissuescarring; necrosis never does.
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Correctanswer:B. Apoptosis is energy-dependent, orderly, and typically non-
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inflammatory; necrosis causes membrane rupture and inflammation.
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zl zl zl
PRACTICAL APPROACH5TH EDITION BYLACHEL ST
zl zl zl zl zl zl
ORY QUESTIONS & 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS
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GRADED A+LATEST UPDATE
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,CHAPTER 1 — CELLULAR FUNCTION z l zl zl z l
Question1 — (energyproduction) zl zl zl zl
Which organelle is the primary site ofaerobic ATP productionvia oxidative phosphory
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lation?
A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum zl zl
B. Mitochondrion
C. Ribosome
D. Lysosome
Correctanswer:B. Mitochondrion Rational
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e:
Mitochondriagenerate the majority ofcellular ATPbyoxidative phosphorylation
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(electron transportchain + chemiosmosis) in the presenceofoxygen.
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Ais incorrect —
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smoothER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification, no
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t major ATP production.
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Cis incorrect — ribosomes synthesize proteins.
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Dis incorrect —
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lysosomes digest macromolecules and damaged organelles but do not produce
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ATP.
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Question2 — Membrane transport zl zl zl zl
Apatient receives an IVdrug that must enter cells against a concentration gradient. Whi
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
ch transport mechanism is most likely responsible?
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A. Simple diffusion throughthe lipid bilayer
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B. Facilitated diffusion through achannel protein zl zl zl zl zl
C. Primary activetransport using ATP (e.g.,Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase)
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D. Osmosis
Correctanswer:C. Primary active transport using ATP (e.g., Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase) Rationale:
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Movement against aconcentration gradient requires energy input; primary active
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transportdirectly uses ATP (oran ATPase) to pump ions or molecules.
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A and B are passive (do not move substances uphill).
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, D(osmosis)is passive movement ofwater across a semipermeable m
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embrane down its gradient. zl zl zl
Question3 — Facilitateddiffusion example zl zl zl zl zl
Glucoseentryinto skeletal muscle during resting conditions (no insulin present) predominantly
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occurs by: zl
A. Simple diffusion through the membrane zl zl zl zl
B. Facilitated diffusion via GLUT transporters (down its concentration gradient)
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C. ActivetransportbyNa⁺/glucose cotransporterrequiring ATP
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D. Endocytosis
Correctanswer:B. Facilitateddiffusion via GLUT transporters Rati
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onale:
Glucosecrosses membranes via GLUT transporters (carrier proteins) byfacilitated diff
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usion when no energy is required and transport follows the concentration gradient.
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Ais incorrect — glucose is polar and cannot passbysimple diffusion.
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C(Na⁺/glucose cotransport)is used in some epithelia (e.g.,intestinal/renal) an
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d is secondaryactive, not the predominant mechanism in resting muscle.
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Dis incorrect —
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endocytosis is notthe routine mechanism for glucose uptake.
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Question4 — Osmotic effects on red blood cells
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Apatient’s red blood cells placed in a hypertonic IVsolution will:
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A. Swell and potentially lyse (hemolysis)
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B. Shrink (crenate) as water leaves thecell
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C. Remain unchanged becauseRBC membranes are impermeable to water
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D. Gainsodiumvia active transportand maintain size
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Correctanswer:B. Shrink (crenate) as waterleaves the cell Rational
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e:
Ina hypertonic environment, extracellular osmolarity is higher than intracellular;
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water moves out ofthe cell by osmosis,causing cell shrinkage (crenation).
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, Ais what happens in hypotonic solutions (water moves in).
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Cis false — water crosses membranes rapidly (aquaporins).
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Dis incorrect — acute sodiumpumping cannot prevent osmotic water shifts.
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Question5 — Cellular adaptation(definitions)
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Which term bestdescribes an increase in cell size (e.g., cardiac myocytes enlarging fro
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m chronic pressure overload)?
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A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correctanswer:C. Hypertrophy Rationale:
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Hypertrophy= increase in cell size (often with increased functional capacity). For
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example, cardiac myocyte hypertrophyoccurs with chronic increased workload.
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A(hyperplasia) = increasein cell number.
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B(atrophy) = decreasein cell size and/or number.
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D(metaplasia) =replacement ofone adult cell type with another (adaptive ch
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ange).
Question6 — Apoptosis vs necrosis zl zl zl zl zl
Which statement correctly distinguishes apoptosisfromnecrosis?
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A. Apoptosis isaninflammatory, uncontrolled cell death; necrosis is programmed an
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d energy-dependent.
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B. Apoptosisis energy-dependent, orderly, and typically non-
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inflammatory; necrosis causes membrane rupture and inflammation. zl zl zl z l zl zl
C. Apoptosis only occurs in responseto infection; necrosis only occurs with isc
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hemia.
D. Apoptosis always leads totissuescarring; necrosis never does.
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Correctanswer:B. Apoptosis is energy-dependent, orderly, and typically non-
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inflammatory; necrosis causes membrane rupture and inflammation.
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