#ANCIENT GREECE. Temple of Athena Parthenos (The Parthenon); Acropolis, Athen, Greece
447-432 BCE; Example of doric; Cult statue of Athena in Cella; votive offering kept in
Opisthodomos; - ANSWER
Decorative Program of the Parthenon - ANSWER -Cella: Cult statue of Athena
Parthenos; East Pediment: Birth of Athena; West Pediment: Contest between Athena ;Doric
Frieze: 92 Metopes(4 groups-Gigantomachy, Centauromachy, Amazonomachy, and Sack of
Troy); Ionic Frieze: continuous frieze(subject matter: Panathenic Festival Procession)
Athena Parthenos by Phidias; in cella of the Parthenon; Acropolis, Athens, Greece; about 40
ft tall; originally carved in ivory and inlaid with gold; c. 447-432 BCE; didn't last long was later
dismantled and reused for something else; art historians reconstructed what she looked like
by literary reference; armed with helmet and shield; spear leaning against body; holds statue
of Nike (reference to victory) because she is goddess of victory; civilization over the Barbaric
Persians; relief details in sandals; relief carving on her shield; scholar say a pool of water in
front of Athena to help set a mood. No congregation, only private moments. -
ANSWER
East Pediment of Parthenon ; Acropolis, Athens, Greece; c.447-432 BCE; made of marble;
represents story of Athena: Athena born from head of Zeus; center of pediment damaged
when temple converted in to a church; ground line as horizon line; Far left is Helios and his
horses and slowly make their way out of horizon. Man laying is thought to be Dionysos(some
argue it may be Herakles); far right contains images of three goddesses( Hestia, Dione, and
Aphrodite), they're laid back reclined and associated with night time or resting. Drapery of
cloth considered "wet style drapery" referring to how the garments cling to the naked body
as if they're wet. - ANSWER
Metopes- Doric; Lapiths vs. Centaur; South Doric Frieze; 4 1/2 ft tall; Panthenon; c. 447-432
BCE; Lapiths vs. Centaur is an isolated scene of combat; almost in full relief sculpture;
1
,displays tension in the body; garment provides a sense of background; metopes show single
moments of a narrative in bits and pieces; singular panels - ANSWER
The Panathenaic Frieze- Ionic; c.447-432 BCE; subject is the Panathenaic Procession (took
place every 4 years and start at the Dipylon Gates); mimics a procession of people as
intertwined with Gods and Godesses; "Elders and Maidens" are in East Frieze; completed by
various sculptors in Phidias employ; looking up at frieze; unbroken band of narrative -
ANSWER
More examples of Panathenaic Frieze - ANSWER
Aphrodite of Knidos; by Praxiteles ( Greek sculptor; well renowned); ROMAN MARBLE COPY
of Greek original; c. 350-340 BCE; Original- marble; Praxiteles later celebrated by the
Romans for his work; for Greek Citizens of Kos; shocked by nudity; Kos rejected it and then
bought by people of Knidos on island of Knidos; first full scale depiction of a nude goddess;
female nudity only existed on ceramics and were only courtesans or prostitutes; common
female nudity was rare; goddesses usually nude with garment and performing act of what
she was a goddess of; Goddess of love; about to take a bath in sculpture; doing a human
trait; not openly erotic; pubic area covered; unashamed of nudity; contraposto exhibited in
knee bent and torso unbalanced; people will sail to Knidos just for sculpture (as work of art
and not as a cult statue) - ANSWER
Weary Herakles; by Lysippos( Greek Sculptor); ROMAN MARBLE COPY of Greek Bronze
original; c. 320 BCE; beefy body of an ideal male body; sculpture in the round; steroidal body
with huge muscles influence later painters such as Rubens and Michelangelo in 16th
century; - ANSWER
Hellenistic Greece Period - ANSWER 323-30 BCE; Alexander the Great expands Greek
empire and influence; creates empire that spans to India, Egypt and Middle East; capital of
empire is Pella; authority of Athens starts to wane; Antioch (Syria), Alexandria, Egypt start to
gain prestige under Greek empire; Alexander becomes ill and dies in Persia in 323 BCE after
his death the Hellenistic era begins; centralize power is lost and empire takes on new
identity; greek mindset changes; appropriation of something thought to be Greek;
Hellenistic means "greek-like"; making things believed to be "greek-like"; emotional and
dramatic isolated art work in this period
2
,#ANCIENT GREECE. Battle of Issus
by Philoxenos of Eretria (Greek painter), ROMAN MOSAIC COPY of Greek wall paintings c.
310 BCE:
"mosaic" = design created using tesserae(stone, pieces of glass) held together by some type
of mortar/bonding agent: copy of greek mural since none from ancient Greece survive,
Battle between Alexander the Great and Darrius the 3rd, scholars think we are looking at the
battle of Issus, Alexander on the left/Darrius on the right, formal innovations =
technique/idea of foreshortening (rendering something at an angle to get a clear
understanding of the bulk of the body; paintings were thought to expand the idea of 3D
space appearing on 2D surface, curvy serpent head (angle given gives us understanding that
there is a body in between); attest to the shift in human being, more emotionally charged
figures, seems that Alexander is leading Darrius out of scramble, whip/flip of Darrius' hair in
ackn - ANSWER
#ANCIENT GREECE. Altar of Zeus
from Pergamon, Turkey (now in Berlin) c. 175 BCE: found by one of Alexander's generals,
very wealthy city, lavish acropolis, on the acropolis is where the Altar is located, removed
from original setting in Turkey and moved to Berlin, on top of frieze/holted platform, ionic
colonnade, frieze that depicts Zeus and the other Gods fighting against the Giants, Athena,
Nike, Gaia, giant, bodies almost fully project on backings where they emerge, reaching
up/over the body of Athena, leg extends back behind Athena, depiction of the body in
motion/dramatic, in relation to the ionic frieze, - ANSWER
Hellenistic Sculpture - ANSWER Realistic descriptions of the human being, not so much
standing/still posed, more dynamic/dramamtic figures, interest in depicting people from all
walks of life (even the elderly, people engaging in everyday activities, people partaking in
defeat/wining), sculptures celebrate nude perfection of the human form
#ANCIENT GREECE. Sleeping Satyr
ROMAN COPY, ca. 230-200 BCE, marble: body of satyr is informed by classical tradition, body
is moving in concert from tip of toe to the top of head, position? obviously sexual, laying
back/legs spread open, may be passed out/dream state, conscious but unconscious state or
altered consciousness, restless, - ANSWER
3
, #ANCIENT GREECE. Old market woman
ROMAN MARBLE COPY of Greek marble, ca. 150-100 BCE:
taking fruits etc to the market, notions of beauty understood in the classical period/sense is
gone or taken a backseat, reflects social climate in the hellenistic empire (very
cosmopolitan), expansion of subject matter = includes people who are not
God/Aphordite,etc, be acceptable to something someone may want to look at/engage at -
ANSWER
# ANCIENT GREECE. Seated boxer
ca. 100-50 BCE, bronze: the idea of the perfect male athlete form is not abandoned, these
types are rendered in a new way, he is: beat up face, broken nose, cauliflower ear, seated =
rare, spoke to the lower class, slumped over, looking up in moment of defeat, still see an
understanding of human anatomy, spots on face where artist put grooves in face = wounds
on side of face - ANSWER
#ANCIENT GREECE. Nike of Samothrace (Neeq-Aye)
c. 190 BCE, marble: originally placed in a monumental water fountain, fountain was
constructed to look like a ship/war ship, Nike = goddess of victory, the sculpture captures
where she has "landed" on the warship (front of ship), theatrical moment, suggestive of the
idea of her delivering victory, water would be around Nike, clothing depicted in responding
to how it would look on the ship (in motion/clinging to the body/respond to the wing
brushing past her) - ANSWER
#ANCIENT GREECE. Laocoon and his Sons
early 1st century CE, ROMAN COPY, marble: unarched in 1506, his plan was to spill the beans
about the ___ so the Gods sent the serpents to kill him and his sons, twisted body /// huge
impact/influence on artist in the Italian era - ANSWER
Ancient Indian Art - ANSWER during antiquity many people visited the ancient indian
subcontinent, alexander the great attempted to conquer the region, they encountered a
civilization that was already close to 2000 years old:
4
447-432 BCE; Example of doric; Cult statue of Athena in Cella; votive offering kept in
Opisthodomos; - ANSWER
Decorative Program of the Parthenon - ANSWER -Cella: Cult statue of Athena
Parthenos; East Pediment: Birth of Athena; West Pediment: Contest between Athena ;Doric
Frieze: 92 Metopes(4 groups-Gigantomachy, Centauromachy, Amazonomachy, and Sack of
Troy); Ionic Frieze: continuous frieze(subject matter: Panathenic Festival Procession)
Athena Parthenos by Phidias; in cella of the Parthenon; Acropolis, Athens, Greece; about 40
ft tall; originally carved in ivory and inlaid with gold; c. 447-432 BCE; didn't last long was later
dismantled and reused for something else; art historians reconstructed what she looked like
by literary reference; armed with helmet and shield; spear leaning against body; holds statue
of Nike (reference to victory) because she is goddess of victory; civilization over the Barbaric
Persians; relief details in sandals; relief carving on her shield; scholar say a pool of water in
front of Athena to help set a mood. No congregation, only private moments. -
ANSWER
East Pediment of Parthenon ; Acropolis, Athens, Greece; c.447-432 BCE; made of marble;
represents story of Athena: Athena born from head of Zeus; center of pediment damaged
when temple converted in to a church; ground line as horizon line; Far left is Helios and his
horses and slowly make their way out of horizon. Man laying is thought to be Dionysos(some
argue it may be Herakles); far right contains images of three goddesses( Hestia, Dione, and
Aphrodite), they're laid back reclined and associated with night time or resting. Drapery of
cloth considered "wet style drapery" referring to how the garments cling to the naked body
as if they're wet. - ANSWER
Metopes- Doric; Lapiths vs. Centaur; South Doric Frieze; 4 1/2 ft tall; Panthenon; c. 447-432
BCE; Lapiths vs. Centaur is an isolated scene of combat; almost in full relief sculpture;
1
,displays tension in the body; garment provides a sense of background; metopes show single
moments of a narrative in bits and pieces; singular panels - ANSWER
The Panathenaic Frieze- Ionic; c.447-432 BCE; subject is the Panathenaic Procession (took
place every 4 years and start at the Dipylon Gates); mimics a procession of people as
intertwined with Gods and Godesses; "Elders and Maidens" are in East Frieze; completed by
various sculptors in Phidias employ; looking up at frieze; unbroken band of narrative -
ANSWER
More examples of Panathenaic Frieze - ANSWER
Aphrodite of Knidos; by Praxiteles ( Greek sculptor; well renowned); ROMAN MARBLE COPY
of Greek original; c. 350-340 BCE; Original- marble; Praxiteles later celebrated by the
Romans for his work; for Greek Citizens of Kos; shocked by nudity; Kos rejected it and then
bought by people of Knidos on island of Knidos; first full scale depiction of a nude goddess;
female nudity only existed on ceramics and were only courtesans or prostitutes; common
female nudity was rare; goddesses usually nude with garment and performing act of what
she was a goddess of; Goddess of love; about to take a bath in sculpture; doing a human
trait; not openly erotic; pubic area covered; unashamed of nudity; contraposto exhibited in
knee bent and torso unbalanced; people will sail to Knidos just for sculpture (as work of art
and not as a cult statue) - ANSWER
Weary Herakles; by Lysippos( Greek Sculptor); ROMAN MARBLE COPY of Greek Bronze
original; c. 320 BCE; beefy body of an ideal male body; sculpture in the round; steroidal body
with huge muscles influence later painters such as Rubens and Michelangelo in 16th
century; - ANSWER
Hellenistic Greece Period - ANSWER 323-30 BCE; Alexander the Great expands Greek
empire and influence; creates empire that spans to India, Egypt and Middle East; capital of
empire is Pella; authority of Athens starts to wane; Antioch (Syria), Alexandria, Egypt start to
gain prestige under Greek empire; Alexander becomes ill and dies in Persia in 323 BCE after
his death the Hellenistic era begins; centralize power is lost and empire takes on new
identity; greek mindset changes; appropriation of something thought to be Greek;
Hellenistic means "greek-like"; making things believed to be "greek-like"; emotional and
dramatic isolated art work in this period
2
,#ANCIENT GREECE. Battle of Issus
by Philoxenos of Eretria (Greek painter), ROMAN MOSAIC COPY of Greek wall paintings c.
310 BCE:
"mosaic" = design created using tesserae(stone, pieces of glass) held together by some type
of mortar/bonding agent: copy of greek mural since none from ancient Greece survive,
Battle between Alexander the Great and Darrius the 3rd, scholars think we are looking at the
battle of Issus, Alexander on the left/Darrius on the right, formal innovations =
technique/idea of foreshortening (rendering something at an angle to get a clear
understanding of the bulk of the body; paintings were thought to expand the idea of 3D
space appearing on 2D surface, curvy serpent head (angle given gives us understanding that
there is a body in between); attest to the shift in human being, more emotionally charged
figures, seems that Alexander is leading Darrius out of scramble, whip/flip of Darrius' hair in
ackn - ANSWER
#ANCIENT GREECE. Altar of Zeus
from Pergamon, Turkey (now in Berlin) c. 175 BCE: found by one of Alexander's generals,
very wealthy city, lavish acropolis, on the acropolis is where the Altar is located, removed
from original setting in Turkey and moved to Berlin, on top of frieze/holted platform, ionic
colonnade, frieze that depicts Zeus and the other Gods fighting against the Giants, Athena,
Nike, Gaia, giant, bodies almost fully project on backings where they emerge, reaching
up/over the body of Athena, leg extends back behind Athena, depiction of the body in
motion/dramatic, in relation to the ionic frieze, - ANSWER
Hellenistic Sculpture - ANSWER Realistic descriptions of the human being, not so much
standing/still posed, more dynamic/dramamtic figures, interest in depicting people from all
walks of life (even the elderly, people engaging in everyday activities, people partaking in
defeat/wining), sculptures celebrate nude perfection of the human form
#ANCIENT GREECE. Sleeping Satyr
ROMAN COPY, ca. 230-200 BCE, marble: body of satyr is informed by classical tradition, body
is moving in concert from tip of toe to the top of head, position? obviously sexual, laying
back/legs spread open, may be passed out/dream state, conscious but unconscious state or
altered consciousness, restless, - ANSWER
3
, #ANCIENT GREECE. Old market woman
ROMAN MARBLE COPY of Greek marble, ca. 150-100 BCE:
taking fruits etc to the market, notions of beauty understood in the classical period/sense is
gone or taken a backseat, reflects social climate in the hellenistic empire (very
cosmopolitan), expansion of subject matter = includes people who are not
God/Aphordite,etc, be acceptable to something someone may want to look at/engage at -
ANSWER
# ANCIENT GREECE. Seated boxer
ca. 100-50 BCE, bronze: the idea of the perfect male athlete form is not abandoned, these
types are rendered in a new way, he is: beat up face, broken nose, cauliflower ear, seated =
rare, spoke to the lower class, slumped over, looking up in moment of defeat, still see an
understanding of human anatomy, spots on face where artist put grooves in face = wounds
on side of face - ANSWER
#ANCIENT GREECE. Nike of Samothrace (Neeq-Aye)
c. 190 BCE, marble: originally placed in a monumental water fountain, fountain was
constructed to look like a ship/war ship, Nike = goddess of victory, the sculpture captures
where she has "landed" on the warship (front of ship), theatrical moment, suggestive of the
idea of her delivering victory, water would be around Nike, clothing depicted in responding
to how it would look on the ship (in motion/clinging to the body/respond to the wing
brushing past her) - ANSWER
#ANCIENT GREECE. Laocoon and his Sons
early 1st century CE, ROMAN COPY, marble: unarched in 1506, his plan was to spill the beans
about the ___ so the Gods sent the serpents to kill him and his sons, twisted body /// huge
impact/influence on artist in the Italian era - ANSWER
Ancient Indian Art - ANSWER during antiquity many people visited the ancient indian
subcontinent, alexander the great attempted to conquer the region, they encountered a
civilization that was already close to 2000 years old:
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