BIOS 255 Comprehensive exam Questions and Answers

BIOS 255 Comprehensive exam Questions and Answers Which is the best example of a mechanism that contains a positive feedback loop? blood clotting What surrounds a synovial joint, encloses synovial cavity, & unites the articulating bones? articular capsule The ________ component of connective tissue is found between the cells and fibers & binds cells. ground substance Consisting of 5 fused sacral vertebrae sacrum Layer of dead skin filled with sacs of keratin stratum corneum What are the types of connective tissue fibers? collagen, reticular, elastic Where do you find apocrine sweat glands? armpits, groin, areola Which bones contribute to the hard palate? maxilla and palatine What do osteoclasts do? dissolve bone a sarcomere is the contractile unit between two Z lines What is the first step in muscle contraction? motor neuron sends nerve impulses to the muscle Depolarization of the action potential is due to influx of Na+ Complete (fused) tetanus is described as continuous contraction without any relaxation Which hamstring muscle is this? biceps femoris How many sodium and potassium ions does the sodium-potassium pump bring in and out of the cell membrane? 3 potassium ions in and 2 sodium ions out local potential is graded amount of stimulation determines how much sodium enters the cell in order to trigger an action potential, graded potential must reach the axon hillock the phrenic nerve relays impulses to the diaphragm cerebrospinal fluid fluid flows to provide protection, absorbs shock and removes waste which of the following contains cerebrospinal fluid? subarachnoid space primary motor cortex frontal lobe vagus nerve carries parasympathetic fibers to the thoracic and abdominal organs the role of the sympathetic nervous system is to prepare the body for action - fight or flight light passing through the lens of the eye is focused on the fovea centralis on its way to the cones and rods of the eye, light passes through cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor a typical male hematocrit is 45 the tunica media of blood vessels is composed of which tissue? smooth muscle plasma protein in blood capillaries maintain the colloid osmotic pressure drawing fluid ____ _____ the blood back into Which of the following factors will increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries? increased blood hydrostatic pressure which of the following would decrease mean arterial blood pressure? dilation of arterioles MAP is calculate by DP + (PP/3) which of the following decreases vascular resistance? increased vessel diameter vascular resistance is related to length of blood vessel, diameter of blood vessel, viscosity of blood flow blood just passed the pulmonic valve. Where did it come from? right ventricle the pulmonic and aortic valves are considered semilunar valves QRS complex depolarization of the right and left ventricles stroke volume volume of blood pumped out of ventricle with each heart beat stroke volume is regulated by preload and afterload what is a cardiac cycle? the complete sequence of events in a heartbeat Which stage of the cardiac cycle does d correspond to? ventricular systole which stage of the cardiac cycle does c correspond to? ventricular diastole helper T cells stimulate B cells to become plasma cells helper, cytotoxic, and memory T cells make up the cell mediated response active immunity is when your body makes its own antibodies to fight antigens which of these are features of the secondary immune response? shorter latent period, higher antibody concentration the amount of air involved in the deepest inhalation followed by the most forceful exhalation is vital capacity external respiration is the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries internal respiration is the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the circulatory system and the body cells what does a surfactant do? reduces tension & reduces cohesion which conditions increase hemoglobins affinity for oxygen? increased pH