BIOS255 EXAM 2 Questions and Answers

BIOS255 EXAM 2 Questions and Answers Characteristics of Elastic arteries(Conducting arteries) -largest arteries by diameter -contain more elastic fibers than smooth muscle -conduct blood from the heart to the more distant muscular arteries -pressure reservoirs Muscular arteries(distributing arteries) -Distribute blood to various parts of the body -Contain large amounts of smooth muscle, most named arteries in the body fall into this category Characteristics of Arterioles -smallest arteries by diameter -deliver blood to the capillaries, where gas and nutrient exchange can occur -Control amount of blood to various organs Characteristics of Venules -smallest veins -collect blood from the capillaries -contain venous valves which prevent the backward flow of blood -attached to capillary bed Characteristics of Veins -contain valves -Carry blood back to heart -hold the most blood(blood reservoirs) -rely on the following to return blood to the heart: vasoconstriction, valves, skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump, and cardiac suction -thinner tunica interna and media; thicker externa lymphatic system functions -Immunity -Lymph formation -Fluid balance -Transport lipids List the organs of the lymphatic system Lymphatic organs - Non-moving structures that work to house lymphatic tissue Primary: -Red bone marrow -Thymus Secondary: -Lymph nodes -Tonsils -Spleen Describe Red bone marrow -involved in hematopoiesis (blood formation) and immunity -Soft, loosely organized, highly vascular material -B-cell maturation Describe the Lymph nodes -most numerous lymphatic organs -removes unwanted waste -acts as a site of B-cells and T-cells activation Describe the Tonsils -found in pharynx -helps to trap inhaled or ingested foreign substances -Pharyngeal tonsils -Palatine tonsils -Lingual tonsils Describe the Thymus -superior to the mediastinum between the two lungs, deep to the sternum -site of T-cell maturation and growth -shrinks as we age and is replaced with adipose tissue -produces hormones that help to mature the T-cell Lymphocytes Describe the Spleen -largest lymphatic tissue in the body -phagocytosis of bacteria and old RBCs; acts as a blood reservoir Red pulp: -blood reservoir; helps to rid the body of old or damaged RBCs White pulp: -consists of B-cells, T-cells, and macrophages Lymphatic tissue -aggregations of lymphocytes in the connective tissues of mucous membranes and various organs Compare and contrast between lymph and interstitial fluid (identify similarities and differences) Interstitial: -any extracellular fluid that is not found in any vessels. Lymph: -thas been absorbed by the lymphatic vessels -lymph resembles interstitial fluid the since it is essentially the same fluid only in the lymph vessel -Lymph is a subdivision of interstitial fluid Hepatic Artery: function, type of blood carried and the direction of flow -Carries oxygenated blood to the liver -ascends towards the liver Hepatic Vein: function, type of blood carried and the direction of flow -drain the liver, extending a short distance from its superior surface to the IVC -Carries deoxygenated blood from the liver. Hepatic Portal Vein: function, type of blood carried and the direction of flow -Carries deoxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the gut for processing. -goes through liver to filter out nutrients Celiac Trunk: function, type of blood carried and the direction of flow -supplies the upper abdominal viscera with oxygenated blood -flows into Left gastric artery Superior Mesenteric Vein: function type of blood carried and the direction of flow -receives blood from the entire small intestine, ascending colon, transverse colon, and stomach -oxygenated blood -hepatic portal vein superior mesenteric artery -route blood to the small intestine, where it is needed to absorb the nutrients digested -serving nearly all of the small intestine and half of the large intestines, ascending colon, transverse colon, cecum Identify which blood vessel does the majority of blood from the thorax drain into. azygos vein right lymphatic duct function drains right side of the body above the diaphragm thoracic duct function drains left side of the body above the diaphragm and both lower extremities lacteals function absorbs dietary lipids that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries List and describe the blood vessels that follow the axillary vein. -subclavian vein: drain deoxygenated blood from the upper region of the body Describe the function of the Circle of Willis, or Cerebral Anastomosis. -Arterial anastomosis on base of brain -Serves cerebrum -Surrounds pituitary gland and optic chiasm -circulation in the event of obstruction of one of the major arteries hepatic portal system function -group of veins that drain blood from various organs of the gastrointestinal tract that is oxygen poor but nutrient rich -blood is transported to the liver in order to process the nutrients and filter out any toxins before returning the blood to systemic circulation lymphatic organs - figure recommendation 21.2 List and identify all the factors that are important in ensuring adequate venous return to the heart -A strongly beating heart -An adequate arterial blood pressure -Valves in the veins -Pumping action of skeletal muscles as they contract -Changing pressures in the chest cavity caused by breathing Describe the functions of plasma proteins that remain in the blood with regards to capillary filtration external jugular vein function drains blood from the facial regions internal jugular vein function Drains blood from the inside of the skull inferior vena cava function draining everything below the diaphragm cephalic vein function -joins the axillary vein axillary vein function Drained deoxygenated blood from arm and axilla Identify the blood vessel that drains blood from the head, neck, chest, shoulders, and arms Superior vena cava arteries -vessels that transport blood away from the heart towards the capillaries -typically oxygen rich veins -vessels that drain blood from the capillaries and transport it towards to the heart -typically oxygen poor -contains the largest amount of blood fenestrated capillaries -contains pores in addition to filtration cleft -allows for slightly larger molecules to filter -found the kidney, endocrine, and small intestines Sinusoidal capillaries -larger filtration pores -large molecules can filter -found in the liver, bone marrow, spleen -allows wbc to escape to tissue Continuous capillaries -formed by endothelial cells -filtration cleft -only small molecules can fit through -move small nutrients and wastes through simple diffusion such as gases -found in muscles, lungs, and skin lymphatic vessels -permit only one-way movement of lymph Right lymphatic duct: drains right side of the body above the diaphragm Thoracic duct: drains left side of the body above the diaphragm and both lower extremities Describe Edema -when fluid accumulates in the interstitial space, leading to swelling -caused by either an increase in formation of the interstitial fluid or a decreased removal of interstitial fluid. internal iliac artery function supply blood to the pelvic region Identify the common blood vessel(s) that are used to check for pulse -radial artery in the wrist -common carotid artery in the neck brachiocephalic artery delivers blood towards the upper right limb via the right subclavian artery branch and blood towards the head via the right common carotid subclavian artery function -Both a left(arm) and right(arm), blood vessels that supply blood to the shoulders and upper limbs -Left sub art carries oxygenated blood aorta Blood sent to all organs of the body right brachiocephalic vein receive tributaries from the vertebrae, thyroid gland, and upper thoracic wall and breast, then converge to form the next vein Figure 19.5 figure 19.7 Be able to identify and label the following blood vessels. Figure recommendation 20.27 left external carotid artery right jugular vein right common carotid artery brachiocephalic trunk left subclavian vein Be able to label and identify the following- figure recommendation 20.2 ( Histology of blood vessels) Tunica externa(Adventitia): epithelial cells, connective tissue, elastic fibers Tunica media: elastic fibers and smooth muscle, control BP(usually the largest layer) Tunica intima(interna): endothelial cells, connective tissue --Endothelium Be able to label and identify the valves. Figure recommendation 19.9 Aortic valve Tricuspid valve Mitral valve/Bicuspid valve Pulmonary valve Be able to label and identify the following parts of the lymphatic system-figure recommendation 21.1 Thymus Spleen Cisterna chyli Palatine tonsil label the tonsils Pharyngeal tonsils Palatine tonsils Lingual tonsils Describe the effects of the following factors on Mean Arterial Pressure: Increased heart rate: cardiac output increases Increased ventricular contractility: stroke volume will be greater if the contractility of the heart is greater, CO increased Systemic vasodilation: dilation of arteries and arterioles leads to an immediate decrease in arterial blood pressure and heart rate Decreased blood viscosity: Increased systemic vascular resistance Decreased parasympathetic activity (vagal tone): heart rate and CO increase Select all the organs that contain MALT digestive, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive tracts and the respiratory airways Pulmonary artery function the vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs Umbilical artery function carries deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta Left coronary artery delivers oxygenated blood and nutrients to the myocardium to the left side of the heart muscle Calculate Mean Arterial Pressure- Know your formula MAP = DP + 1/3(SP – DP) Blood Pressure(BP)120/75 -Force that blood exerts against a vessel wall -Types recorded: Systolic pressure: taken during ventricular contraction Diastolic pressure: Minimum arterial BP taken during ventricular relaxation between heart beats BP determined by: Cardiac output, Blood volume, Resistance to flow A patient with a malignant cancer of the ascending (right sided) colon presents to their primary care practitioner with an enlarged lymph node above the left clavicle. A biopsy confirm the presence of cancerous cells.What is the anatomical explanation for colonic cancerous cells being found in that region of the body? Metastasis: cancerous cells break free from original tumor, travel to other sites in the body and make new tumor -lodge in first lymph node encountered 3 primary factors that influence vascular resistance(R) -Blood viscosity(increase resistance) -Vessel length(increase resistance) -Vessel radius --The opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and the walls of blood vessels(higher the R, the smaller the blood flow) What effect does aerobic exercise have on stroke volume Stroke Volume and Heart Rate would increase making CO increase stroke volume can be increased if venous return is increased by increased blood volume, the skeletal and respiratory pumps, and venoconstriction.