Selected issues: organised crime
3 articles obligated to read on ufora!!! (cora reading) EXAMENVRAAG ‘what are the 3 points we made
and what do you think about them?’
Inhoudsopgave
1. CONCEPT & DEFINITIONS.................................................................................. 5
1.1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................5
1.2. HISTORY OF THE CONCEPT...................................................................................6
1.3. DEFINING ORGANIZED CRIME.................................................................................9
1.4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS...........................................................................17
2. CORE READING: ORGANIZED CRIME, A CONTESTED CONCEPT – PAOLI & VANDER
BEKEN............................................................................................................... 19
2.1. SHIFTS IN MEANING, TERRITORIAL SCOPE AND LEGITIMACY..........................................19
2.2. THE AMERICAN DEBATE: FROM ‘WHAT’ TO ‘WHO’......................................................19
2.3. THE EUROPEAN DEBATE: FOCUS ON ‘WHAT’ (WITH EXCEPTIONS)...................................19
2.4. INTERNATIONAL: TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME (TOC)........................................19
2.5. CONCLUSION: FROM ‘ORGANIZED’ TO ‘SERIOUS’ CRIME...............................................20
3. RESEARCH ON ORGANIZED CRIME: APPROACHES & METHODS...........................20
3.1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................20
3.2. HOW MUCH ORGANIZED CRIME IS THERE?...............................................................21
3.3. ALTERNATIVE WAYS TO MEASURE ORGANIZED CRIME...................................................22
3.4. MEASURING PRODUCT MARKETS AND FLOWS...........................................................22
3.5. KNOWLEDGE AND RISK......................................................................................23
3.6. RISK ASSESSMENT...........................................................................................25
3.7. FUTURE AND (ORGANIZED) CRIME ASSESSMENTS.......................................................26
3.8. CONCLUSION..................................................................................................28
4. CORE READING: THE TIDES OF THOUGHTS AND POLICY ON THE ASSESSMENT OF
ORGANIZED CRIME IN BELGIUM – VANDER BEKEN & JANSSENS..............................28
4.1. INTRODUCTION: ORGANIZED CRIME AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT........................................28
4.2. METHODOLOGY 1996-2001: THE SEARCH FOR STRUCTURE.........................................28
4.3. THE BELGIAN METHOD (2001) AND EU EXPORT.......................................................29
4.4. IMPLEMENTATION 2001-2011: THEORY VS PRACTICE................................................29
,4.5. SHIFTING FROM ‘ORGANISED’ TO ‘SERIOUS’ CRIME....................................................29
4.6. CONCLUSION: THE TIDES OF THOUGHT...................................................................29
5. CAUSES AND FACILITATING FACTORS OF ORGANIZED CRIME..............................29
3.1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................29
5.2. CONCLUSION..................................................................................................36
6. ORGANIZED CRIME MARKETS.......................................................................... 36
6.1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................36
6.2. DRUG TRAFFICKING..........................................................................................37
6.3. FIREARMS TRAFFICKING.....................................................................................38
6.5. WILDLIFE AND FOREST CRIME..............................................................................39
6.6. COUNTERFEIT PRODUCTS TRAFFICKING...................................................................39
6.7. MANUFACTURING OF AND TRAFFICKING IN FALSIFIED MEDICAL PRODUCTS.........................40
6.8. TRAFFICKING IN CULTURAL PROPERTY....................................................................41
6.9. TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS AND SMUGGLING OF MIGRANTS............................................42
6.10. CONCLUSION................................................................................................43
7. MODELS OF ORGANIZED CRIMINAL GROUPS..................................................... 44
7.1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................44
7.2. MODELS AND STRUCTURE OF ORGANIZED CRIME.......................................................44
7.3. FOCUSING ON GROUPS VERSUS ACTIVITIES..............................................................45
7.4. NEW FORMS OF ORGANIZED CRIME: NETWORKED......................................................46
7.5. CONCLUSIONS.................................................................................................47
8. ORGANIZED CRIME POLICIES........................................................................... 47
8.1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................47
8.2. UNITED NATIONS.............................................................................................47
8.3. COUNCIL OF EUROPE........................................................................................48
8.4. EUROPEAN UNION (!).......................................................................................48
8.5. NATIONAL LEVEL.............................................................................................52
8.6. CONCLUSION..................................................................................................53
9. CORE READING: EUROPEAN UNION: ORGANIZED CRIME POLICIES, POLITICS AND
THE EU – JANSSENS & DE VOS............................................................................. 53
ORGANISED CRIME AS A POLICY CONCEPT......................................................................53
,AMBIVALENT DEFINITIONS AND SELECTIVE POLICY............................................................54
CASE STUDY: COUNTERFEITING (FAKE GOODS)................................................................54
CASE STUDY: CIGARETTE SMUGGLING...........................................................................54
CONCLUSION: THE INFLUENCE OF LOBBYING AND ECONOMICS..............................................54
10. GUEST LECTURE: CRIME-TERROR NEXUS........................................................ 55
10.1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................55
10.2. DEFINING THE NEXUS.....................................................................................55
10.3. CLASSIFYING THE NEXUS..................................................................................56
10.4. FACTORS ENABLING THE NEXUS.........................................................................58
10.5. IMPLEMENTATIONS OF THE NEXUS.......................................................................59
10.6. CONCLUSIONS...............................................................................................59
11. GUEST LECTURE: CRIME-BUSINESS IN BELGIUM.............................................. 59
11.1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................59
11.2. PART 1.......................................................................................................60
11.3. PART 2.......................................................................................................61
12. GUEST LECTURE: UNRAVELLING ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS ACTIVE ON THE
BELGIAN SYNTHETIC DRUG SUPPLY MARKET........................................................ 63
12.1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK...............................................................................63
12.2. DATA ANALYSIS.............................................................................................64
12.3. MAIN CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................64
12.4. …NETWORK DISRUPTION..................................................................................67
13. GUEST LECTURE: FORENSIC INTELLIGENCE, ORGANIZED CRIME NETWORKS &
DISRUPTION...................................................................................................... 68
13.1. THE GENERIC INTELLIGENCE CYCLE......................................................................68
13.2. WHY FI MATTERS FOR CRIMINAL ANALYSIS............................................................68
13.3. TRADITIONAL FORENSICS VS FORENSIC INTELLIGENCE...............................................69
13.4. FI AND BIG DATA..........................................................................................69
13.5. DNA DATABASES AS A TRANSFORMATIONAL TOOL...................................................69
13.6. CHALLENGES................................................................................................69
13.7. INTERNATIONAL BEST PRACTICES........................................................................70
13.8. EXAMPLE: NDRANGHETA GROUP ITALY)................................................................70
13.9. WHAT IS A CRIMINAL NETWORK?........................................................................70
, 13.10. TYPES OF CRIMINAL NETWORKS........................................................................70
13.11. KEY NETWORK METRICS EXPLAINED...................................................................71
13.12. EXAMPLE: MEXICAN CARTEL LOGISTICS NETWORKS...............................................71
13.13. BEFORINTEL............................................................................................71
13.14. EXAMPLE: BELGIAN DRUG NETWORK.................................................................73
13.15. WHY EGO NETWORKS MATTER FOR INVESTIGATIONS..............................................74
13.16. CRIME TYPE ANALYSIS: WHERE FI ADDS THE MOST................................................75
13.17. SERIOUS CRIME SUBGRAPH: A 400% EXPANSION..................................................76
13.18. NETWORK RESILIENCE & CRIMINAL ADAPTATION....................................................77
13.19. EXPERIMENT: SIMULATION FRAMEWORK OVERVIEW................................................78
13.20. FUTURE OF KEY PLAYER IDENTIFICATION.............................................................79
13.21. FORENSIC SIGNATURE & PATTERN ANALYSIS.........................................................79
13.22. FINAL TAKEAWAYS........................................................................................79
14. GUEST LECTURE: ARIEC: ADMINISTRATIVE APPROACH TO ORGANISED CRIME. .80
14.1. ADMINISTRATIVE APPROACH BY LOCAL GOVERNMENT................................................80
14.2. ORGANIZED GOVERNMENT................................................................................80
14.3. EUROPEAN SUPPORT.......................................................................................80
14.4. ARIECS BELGIUM.........................................................................................81
14.5. INFORMATION SHARING....................................................................................82
14.6. FEDERAL DIOB LEGISLATION.............................................................................83
14.7. FLEMISH DECREE ON THE PROMOTION OF INTEGRITY ASSESSMENT BY PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
AND ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INTEGRITY ASSESSMENT SERVICE FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONS
........................................................................................................................ 84
14.8. FLEMISH IS BROADER, THE FEDERAL CAN ONLY BE USED FOR LICENCES AND PERMITS, THE
FLEMISH ALSO FOR SUBSIDIES CASE EXAMPLE: THE VILLA..................................................84
14.9. CASE EXAMPLE: OMCG...................................................................................84
14.10. EXAMPLE: DLF FLAG....................................................................................85
14.11. EXAMPLE CASE: HAND CARWASHES...................................................................85
15. LAST LECTURE: RUSSIAN-BASED ORGANIZED CRIME (EXAMEN!)...................... 85
15.1. 90TH CENTURY...............................................................................................85
15.2. WOI: GAME CHANGER.....................................................................................86
15.3. WOII.........................................................................................................86
15.4. 80S: ECONOMIC CRISIS OF THE SOVIET-UNION.......................................................86
15.5. 1999: POETIN BECOMES PRESIDENT...................................................................87
3 articles obligated to read on ufora!!! (cora reading) EXAMENVRAAG ‘what are the 3 points we made
and what do you think about them?’
Inhoudsopgave
1. CONCEPT & DEFINITIONS.................................................................................. 5
1.1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................5
1.2. HISTORY OF THE CONCEPT...................................................................................6
1.3. DEFINING ORGANIZED CRIME.................................................................................9
1.4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS...........................................................................17
2. CORE READING: ORGANIZED CRIME, A CONTESTED CONCEPT – PAOLI & VANDER
BEKEN............................................................................................................... 19
2.1. SHIFTS IN MEANING, TERRITORIAL SCOPE AND LEGITIMACY..........................................19
2.2. THE AMERICAN DEBATE: FROM ‘WHAT’ TO ‘WHO’......................................................19
2.3. THE EUROPEAN DEBATE: FOCUS ON ‘WHAT’ (WITH EXCEPTIONS)...................................19
2.4. INTERNATIONAL: TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME (TOC)........................................19
2.5. CONCLUSION: FROM ‘ORGANIZED’ TO ‘SERIOUS’ CRIME...............................................20
3. RESEARCH ON ORGANIZED CRIME: APPROACHES & METHODS...........................20
3.1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................20
3.2. HOW MUCH ORGANIZED CRIME IS THERE?...............................................................21
3.3. ALTERNATIVE WAYS TO MEASURE ORGANIZED CRIME...................................................22
3.4. MEASURING PRODUCT MARKETS AND FLOWS...........................................................22
3.5. KNOWLEDGE AND RISK......................................................................................23
3.6. RISK ASSESSMENT...........................................................................................25
3.7. FUTURE AND (ORGANIZED) CRIME ASSESSMENTS.......................................................26
3.8. CONCLUSION..................................................................................................28
4. CORE READING: THE TIDES OF THOUGHTS AND POLICY ON THE ASSESSMENT OF
ORGANIZED CRIME IN BELGIUM – VANDER BEKEN & JANSSENS..............................28
4.1. INTRODUCTION: ORGANIZED CRIME AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT........................................28
4.2. METHODOLOGY 1996-2001: THE SEARCH FOR STRUCTURE.........................................28
4.3. THE BELGIAN METHOD (2001) AND EU EXPORT.......................................................29
4.4. IMPLEMENTATION 2001-2011: THEORY VS PRACTICE................................................29
,4.5. SHIFTING FROM ‘ORGANISED’ TO ‘SERIOUS’ CRIME....................................................29
4.6. CONCLUSION: THE TIDES OF THOUGHT...................................................................29
5. CAUSES AND FACILITATING FACTORS OF ORGANIZED CRIME..............................29
3.1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................29
5.2. CONCLUSION..................................................................................................36
6. ORGANIZED CRIME MARKETS.......................................................................... 36
6.1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................36
6.2. DRUG TRAFFICKING..........................................................................................37
6.3. FIREARMS TRAFFICKING.....................................................................................38
6.5. WILDLIFE AND FOREST CRIME..............................................................................39
6.6. COUNTERFEIT PRODUCTS TRAFFICKING...................................................................39
6.7. MANUFACTURING OF AND TRAFFICKING IN FALSIFIED MEDICAL PRODUCTS.........................40
6.8. TRAFFICKING IN CULTURAL PROPERTY....................................................................41
6.9. TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS AND SMUGGLING OF MIGRANTS............................................42
6.10. CONCLUSION................................................................................................43
7. MODELS OF ORGANIZED CRIMINAL GROUPS..................................................... 44
7.1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................44
7.2. MODELS AND STRUCTURE OF ORGANIZED CRIME.......................................................44
7.3. FOCUSING ON GROUPS VERSUS ACTIVITIES..............................................................45
7.4. NEW FORMS OF ORGANIZED CRIME: NETWORKED......................................................46
7.5. CONCLUSIONS.................................................................................................47
8. ORGANIZED CRIME POLICIES........................................................................... 47
8.1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................47
8.2. UNITED NATIONS.............................................................................................47
8.3. COUNCIL OF EUROPE........................................................................................48
8.4. EUROPEAN UNION (!).......................................................................................48
8.5. NATIONAL LEVEL.............................................................................................52
8.6. CONCLUSION..................................................................................................53
9. CORE READING: EUROPEAN UNION: ORGANIZED CRIME POLICIES, POLITICS AND
THE EU – JANSSENS & DE VOS............................................................................. 53
ORGANISED CRIME AS A POLICY CONCEPT......................................................................53
,AMBIVALENT DEFINITIONS AND SELECTIVE POLICY............................................................54
CASE STUDY: COUNTERFEITING (FAKE GOODS)................................................................54
CASE STUDY: CIGARETTE SMUGGLING...........................................................................54
CONCLUSION: THE INFLUENCE OF LOBBYING AND ECONOMICS..............................................54
10. GUEST LECTURE: CRIME-TERROR NEXUS........................................................ 55
10.1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................55
10.2. DEFINING THE NEXUS.....................................................................................55
10.3. CLASSIFYING THE NEXUS..................................................................................56
10.4. FACTORS ENABLING THE NEXUS.........................................................................58
10.5. IMPLEMENTATIONS OF THE NEXUS.......................................................................59
10.6. CONCLUSIONS...............................................................................................59
11. GUEST LECTURE: CRIME-BUSINESS IN BELGIUM.............................................. 59
11.1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................59
11.2. PART 1.......................................................................................................60
11.3. PART 2.......................................................................................................61
12. GUEST LECTURE: UNRAVELLING ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS ACTIVE ON THE
BELGIAN SYNTHETIC DRUG SUPPLY MARKET........................................................ 63
12.1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK...............................................................................63
12.2. DATA ANALYSIS.............................................................................................64
12.3. MAIN CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................64
12.4. …NETWORK DISRUPTION..................................................................................67
13. GUEST LECTURE: FORENSIC INTELLIGENCE, ORGANIZED CRIME NETWORKS &
DISRUPTION...................................................................................................... 68
13.1. THE GENERIC INTELLIGENCE CYCLE......................................................................68
13.2. WHY FI MATTERS FOR CRIMINAL ANALYSIS............................................................68
13.3. TRADITIONAL FORENSICS VS FORENSIC INTELLIGENCE...............................................69
13.4. FI AND BIG DATA..........................................................................................69
13.5. DNA DATABASES AS A TRANSFORMATIONAL TOOL...................................................69
13.6. CHALLENGES................................................................................................69
13.7. INTERNATIONAL BEST PRACTICES........................................................................70
13.8. EXAMPLE: NDRANGHETA GROUP ITALY)................................................................70
13.9. WHAT IS A CRIMINAL NETWORK?........................................................................70
, 13.10. TYPES OF CRIMINAL NETWORKS........................................................................70
13.11. KEY NETWORK METRICS EXPLAINED...................................................................71
13.12. EXAMPLE: MEXICAN CARTEL LOGISTICS NETWORKS...............................................71
13.13. BEFORINTEL............................................................................................71
13.14. EXAMPLE: BELGIAN DRUG NETWORK.................................................................73
13.15. WHY EGO NETWORKS MATTER FOR INVESTIGATIONS..............................................74
13.16. CRIME TYPE ANALYSIS: WHERE FI ADDS THE MOST................................................75
13.17. SERIOUS CRIME SUBGRAPH: A 400% EXPANSION..................................................76
13.18. NETWORK RESILIENCE & CRIMINAL ADAPTATION....................................................77
13.19. EXPERIMENT: SIMULATION FRAMEWORK OVERVIEW................................................78
13.20. FUTURE OF KEY PLAYER IDENTIFICATION.............................................................79
13.21. FORENSIC SIGNATURE & PATTERN ANALYSIS.........................................................79
13.22. FINAL TAKEAWAYS........................................................................................79
14. GUEST LECTURE: ARIEC: ADMINISTRATIVE APPROACH TO ORGANISED CRIME. .80
14.1. ADMINISTRATIVE APPROACH BY LOCAL GOVERNMENT................................................80
14.2. ORGANIZED GOVERNMENT................................................................................80
14.3. EUROPEAN SUPPORT.......................................................................................80
14.4. ARIECS BELGIUM.........................................................................................81
14.5. INFORMATION SHARING....................................................................................82
14.6. FEDERAL DIOB LEGISLATION.............................................................................83
14.7. FLEMISH DECREE ON THE PROMOTION OF INTEGRITY ASSESSMENT BY PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
AND ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INTEGRITY ASSESSMENT SERVICE FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONS
........................................................................................................................ 84
14.8. FLEMISH IS BROADER, THE FEDERAL CAN ONLY BE USED FOR LICENCES AND PERMITS, THE
FLEMISH ALSO FOR SUBSIDIES CASE EXAMPLE: THE VILLA..................................................84
14.9. CASE EXAMPLE: OMCG...................................................................................84
14.10. EXAMPLE: DLF FLAG....................................................................................85
14.11. EXAMPLE CASE: HAND CARWASHES...................................................................85
15. LAST LECTURE: RUSSIAN-BASED ORGANIZED CRIME (EXAMEN!)...................... 85
15.1. 90TH CENTURY...............................................................................................85
15.2. WOI: GAME CHANGER.....................................................................................86
15.3. WOII.........................................................................................................86
15.4. 80S: ECONOMIC CRISIS OF THE SOVIET-UNION.......................................................86
15.5. 1999: POETIN BECOMES PRESIDENT...................................................................87
