BIL 255 exam 1 Questions and Answers

BIL 255 exam 1 Questions and Answers vitalism life is a result of a vital force mechanists life was a mechanical process that can be explained by the laws of chemistry and physics What are the three domains? eubacteria, archaea, eukarya Carl woese compared nucleotide sequences of small subunit RNA from many species.. ribosomes and rRNA are found in all cells.. common ancestory What are the two successful plans of cellular organization? prokaryotes and eukaryotes What are the three types of prokaryote shapes? spherical, rod shaped, and spiral What is the size of a prokaryote? 0.1 to 10micrometers Do prokaryotes have chromosomes? no- naked DNA prokaryotes lack internal membrane bound organelles types of eukaryotes algae, protozoa, fungi, slime molds, plants and animals size of eukaryotes? 5.0 to 20 micrometers What makes up the endomembrane system? nuclear membrane, ER, golgi and vesicles Aristotle believed animal, vegetable, mineral Empedocles earth, water, air, fire What makes a good model organism? Cheap, plentiful, quick reproductive cycles, simple genomes What is a model organism? a species that is widely studied because it is easy to study Examples of model organisms viruses, bacteria, fruit flies, roundworms, yeast, zebrafish, mice, plants What are model organisms used to study in CMB? gene expression frozen culture cells show no signs of life Attributes of the living condition autonomous replication, life begets life, Where do cells store their hereditary information? DNA What type of method is used to replicate DNA? Semi-conservative (complementary templated polymerization) What did Rudolph Virchow think? All living cells arise from prexisting cells; the biogenic law What is spontaneous generation? Whole organisms could arise spontaneously or from inanimate matter all living things have evolved from a common ancestral cell thru natural selection and genetic drift What is responsible for lifes chemical reactions? Proteins emergent properties properties that emerge as a consequence of complexity senscene aging- limited ability to divide. metabolism first approach chemical cycles may have lead to synthesis of organic molecules Genetics first some type of information replicating molecule must have come first What is radio carbon dating? measuring the decay of radioactive carbon using the half life of the carbon When was the oxygen revolution? 2.5 bya Supernatural creation Earth was created supernaturally (not testable by the scientific method) Rare earth hypothesis cosmologists suggest that life arose accidentally. rare singular event extra terrestrial life forms extra terrestrial life Chemical evolution macromolecules are made from the same reactive functional groups. Initial chemical events may have been... evolution of carbon based molecules What are amino acids? The building blocks of proteins What did Bada's repeat experiment of miller-urey provide? nitrites which destroy amino acids as quickly as they form but then found amino acids once he added iron and carbonate materials What is synthetic biology? is the construction of fully functional cells (or parts) from scratch. Synthetic biology accomplished with viri Polio, phi-x 174 and spanish flu virus knock out cells looking for a minimalist essential genome required to make a cell, leads to synthess of an artificial functional genome... Venter artificial mycoplasma chromosome that work What happened 4 bya? heavy bombardment and formation of earths crusts and oceans 3.5 bya? oldest geological evidence of life 3.0-1.5 bya proliferation of cyanobacteria When did the evolution of cells with nuclei occur? 2.0bya When did multicellular organisms come about 1.2bya When was the cambrian explosion? 600-500 mya When did humans appear 200,000 years ago speculation chemosynthesis may have helped life originate in vent-like regions, producing first biomolecules & metabolic reactions... Comets are mostly crystals and organics what could comets be responsible for Water 3 possible sources for first abiotically produced metabolic bioorganic molecules abiotic, hydrothermal vents, astrological Who first proposed for an RNA world? Walter Gilbert RNA may have? Coded for proteins and nucleic acid synthesis What did Sidney Altman and Tom Cech show? Ribozymes have catalytic activity RNA self splicing introns self explanatory Viroids infectious RNA molecules that infect plants primer RNA is needed during DNA replication small RNA molecules splicing riboswitches RNA molecules that bind to small molecules and change their conformations peptidyl transferase makes peptide bonds Proteinoids aggregates of abiotically made organic molecules surrounded by a membrane abiotic amino acid polymer chains formed microspheres in water, which were osmotically active shells with selective permeability & have membrane potentials. experimental systems include coacervates, proteinoid microspheres, and liposomes coacervates droplets of proteins and carbs surrounded by a skin of water Synthetic biology follows what type of approach? bottom up- someone cant fully understand what one cant build from scratch what is synthetic biology? the construction of fully functioning cells from scratch. Roots of synthetic biology TMV, bacteriorhodopsin, artificial membrane vesicles, engineered biochemical pathways TMV Tobacco mosaic virus a single stranded RNA virus that infects plants, especially tobacco Who reconstituted TMV? Heinz Fraenkel Conrat Bacteriorhodopsin a proton pump of the purple membranes of halobacterium J Craig Venter replaces the genome of one mycoplasma with a synthetic chromosome and these new cells were capable of self-replication Artificial membrane vesicles with active ribosomes, RNA for GFP and alpha hemolysin Synthetic biology with viri Polio virus, Phi X-174, 1918 Spanish Flu virus Spanish flu virus used lung tissue and a frozen body NSABB which would focus on biotechnologies that had dual uses... legitimate pure science and biohazard or public health or national security threat (bioterrorism). Synthetic biology via a cellular approach knock out cells Knock out cells looking for a minimalist essential genome required to make a cell, leads to synthesis of an artificial functional genome resolution the shortest distance between two points on a specimen that can still be distinguished by the observer or camera system as separate entities What is the resolution of a light micrscope 200nm or 0.2micrometers microtome is a tool used to cut extremely thin slices of material autoradiography which is a light microscope image on photographic film or emulsion, produced by the pattern of radioactive decay emissions (e.g., beta particles or gamma rays) from a distribution of a radioactive substance. fluorescent microscopy 2008 Nobel - a form of light microscopy where a component of interest in a specimen has been specifically labeled with a fluorescent molecules* immunofluorescence microscopy uses antibodies fluorescently tagged to bind specifically to a corresponding antigen as a probe for identifying a particular molecule in cells, tissues, or tissues, or biological fluids: confocal fluorescence microscopy confocal microscopes uses pinpoint illumination of fluorophore in one focal plane to eliminate out-of-focus fluorescence TEM TEM passes e's through a specimen onto a viewing screen SEM uses metal shadowing & coating* of specimens to reveal surface tomography which microscope has the highest resolution? transmission electron microscope Which microscope to use to study changes in shape of white blood cells? light microscopes