BIOS 255 – Final Questions and Answers

BIOS 255 – Final Questions and Answers What are the 2 type of immune response? Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity Which lines of defense make up innate immunity? 1st and 2nd line of defense Innate Immunity characteristics Non-specific resistance Present at birth 1st & 2nd line of defense What is the 1st line of defense? Skin & Mucous Membranes What is the 2nd line of defense? Internal Defenses The 1st line of defense is made up of what 2 types? Mechanical Defense & Chemical Defense What are the mechanical defenses in innate immunity skin mucous membranes tears saliva mucus cillia epiglottis urine defecating vomiting What are the chemical defenses in innate immunity sebum lysozyme gastric juices What makes up the internal defenses of innate immunity antimicrobial proteins natural killer cells Fever Phagocytes Inflammation Complement system Interferons (IFN) steps of phagocytosis chemotaxis Adherence Ingestion Digestion killing What happens in inflammation? redness/pain/heat/swelling Vasodilation & increase permeability of blood vessels phagocytes migrate from blood to injury PRISH What do interferons do? protect the uninfected host cell from viral infection adaptive immunity definition ability of body to defend itself against specific invading agents adaptive immunity characteristics Specific immunity has both specificity and memory 2 types what are the 2 types of adaptive immunity cell mediated and antibody mediated What is Cell Mediated Immunity Specific immunity that only uses T cells antibody-mediated immunity produces antibody B cells in response to antigen. Either works alone or with Helper T cells (humoral) Immunogenicity ability to provoke immune response Reactivity ability of antigen to react specifically to antibody it provokes What are epitopes? receptors on B & T cells Binding site B Cells in antigen processing Recognize and bind to antigens in lymph, interstitial fluid and blood T Cells in antigen processing only recognize fragments of antigenic proteins (MHC) What is antigen presentation? the antigen-MHC complex is inserted into plasma membrane of body cell Exogenous Antigen processing Organism begins OUTSIDE the cell MHC II Endogenous Antigen Processing Organism begins INSIDE the cell MHC I Cytokines small protein hormones (paracrine secretions) that stimulate or inhibit many normal cell functions Interleukin 2 (IL -2) Secreted by Helper T Cells costimulate proliferation of helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and B cells activate NK cells Interleukin 1 (IL-1) produce macrophages promotes proliferation of helper T cells acts on hypothalamus to cause fever Where are MHC I found? present in all cells Where are MHC II found? only on antigen presenting cells what are the 2 types of T cells? Helper CD4 T Cells and Cytotoxic CD8 T cells Helper T cell proliferation steps -Antigen Cell comes in -Antigen recognition due to costimulation -inactive helper T cells bind with MHC II -helper T cells activated -clonal selection forms helper t cell clone -creates memory helper t cell & active helper t cell cytotoxic T cell proliferation steps -infected body cell -Helper T cell costimulation -MHC I binds and creates inactive cytotoxic T cells -CT cells activated -Formation of CT cell clone - creates active CT cell & memory CT cell what are the 2 pathways of cytotoxic t cells? use of granzymes use of granulysin Cytotoxic T cells with granzymes granzymes come in and make cell undergo apoptosis Cytotoxic T cells with granulysin Granulysin brings in Perforin which punctures the cell membrane causing cytolysis Steps of Cell-Mediated Immunity en is recognized and bound # of T cells proliferate & differentiate into a clone of effector cells en is eliminated steps of antibody mediated immunity (basic 3) 1. antigen is recognized and bound 2. helper t cells costimulate B cells which proliferate/differentiate into a clone of effector cells that produce antibodies 3. antigen eliminated Activation Sequence of Antibody Mediated Immunity 1. Recognition of antigen by inactive B cell mulation of B cell that recognized antigen by activated T Helper Cells 3. Formation of plasma cells from activated B cells 4. Production & release of antibodies 5. Disabling of pathogen by antibodies When does the primary response peak? 6-10 days after exposure How many major types of antibodies are there? 5 what are the 5 major types of antibodies? IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE What does the IgG antibody do? most abundant can cross placenta trigger compliment system Natural Passive Immunity monomer What does the IgM antibody do? 1st antibody on scene activate compliment system agglutination typically turns into IgG Pentamer What does the IgA antibody do? Found in secretions: sweat, tears, breastmilk Natural Passive Immunity Dimer What does the IgD antibody do? antigen receptor monomer What does the IgE antibody do? Allergic Response attached to mast cells & basophils protection against parasitic infections monomer What does an elevated IgM antibody indicate? Ongoing, active infection Compliment Activation Series of proteins under a chemical chain reaction resulting cytolysis what do complement proteins, histamines, kinins and perforin do? induce vasodilation increase permeability increase fluid flow to infection site what are the 4 types of acquired adaptive immunity Naturally Acquired Active Naturally Acquired Passive Artificially Acquired Active Artificially Acquired Passive How does Naturally Acquired Active Immunity occur? Get sick and make response How does naturally acquired passive immunity occur? -Mother to fetus across placenta (IgG) -Mother to baby through breastmilk (IgA) How does Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity occur? Intravenous injection of immunoglobulins How does Artificially Acquired Active Immunity Occur? Vaccine then body makes response Self-recognition definition ability to recognize its own antigens Self-tolerance definition ability to NOT react to self proteins Helper T cells participation in adaptive immunity -cooperate w/ B cells -Interlukin 2: proliferation of B/T cells -Inflammatory response Plasma cell participation in adaptive immunity comes from B cells produces/secretes antibodies Neutrophils phagocytize unicellular pathogens & present antigens to adaptive immune response Eosinophil help fight off parasites and helminths Natural killer cells nonspecific T cells which destroy foreign cells as a part of innate immune response: cancer cells, transplants, virtually any infected cell What is the lymphatic system? consists of several structures and organs that contain lymphatic tissue, bone marrow and lymph Functions of the Lymphatic System Drain excess interstitial fluid Transport dietary lipids Carryout Immune Response Lymphatic Vessels and capillaries Lymphatic vessels begin as lymphatic capillaries, which are closed on one end lymphatic capillaries located btw cells of many tissues merge to form lymphatic vessels lymphatic vessels have thin walls and many valves Lymph trunks and ducts from the lymphatic vessels, lymph passes through lymph nodes and then into lymph trunks How many lymph trunks are there? 5 what are the 5 lymph trunks? lumbar intestinal bronchomediastinal subclavian jugular Where to the lymphatic trunks merge? (2 options) Either the Thoracic Duct or the Right Lymphatic Duct What does the Right Lymphatic Duct drain? Right Head/Neck Right Arm Thorax What does the Thoracic Duct drain? Left Head/Neck Left Arm Abdomen Both Legs Flow of Lymph Interstitial fluid lymph capillaries lymph vessels lymph trunks lymph ducts subclavian veins Primary Lymphatic Organs red bone marrow and thymus what happens in the primary lymphatic organs? immune cells become immunocompetent what lymphocyte matures in the red bone marrow? B cells what lymphocyte matures in the thymus? T cells Secondary Lymphatic Organs lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen what are the 2 pulps of the spleen? Red pulp White pulp What does the white pulp of the spleen consist of? B cells & T cells carry out immune function what does the red pulp of the spleen do? -removal by macrophages of ruptured/worn out/defective blood cells & platelets -storage of platelets (1/3 of body's supply) -hemopoiesis during fetal life lymphatic nodules masses of lymphatic tissue NOT surrounded by a capsule properties of lymphatic nodules -scattered throughout lamina propria of mucous membranes lining the GI tract, urinary and reproductive tracts and respiratory airways What is M.A.L.T? mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (aka lymphatic nodules) What are peyer's patches? lymphatic tissue in distal portion of small intestine Why does lymph appear white? Due to lipids Psychoneuroimmumity (PNI) field that deals w/ common pathways linking the nervous system, endocrine and immune systems Aging and the immune system -increase susceptibility to infections /malignancies -increase production of autoantibodies -decrease response to vaccines -decrease immune system functions HIV/AIDS -target CD4 helper T cells -AIDS is caused by HIV's excessive destruction of the immune system Why do allergies occur? the body is overly reactive to a substance 4 types of hypersensitivity I. anaphylactic reactions 2. cytotoxic reactions 3. immune complex rxn 4. cell mediated reaction example of hypersensitivity cytotoxic reaction incompatible blood transfusions example of hypersensitivity immune complex reactions rheumatoid arthritis example of hypersensitivity cell mediated reactions delayed TB test Poison Ivy When do autoimmune diseases occur? when immune system fails to display self-tolerance therefore attacking own tissues What is respiration? the exchange of gases between atmosphere, blood and cells how does the cardiovascular system assist the respiratory system? by transporting gases what are the 3 processes required for respiration to occur -ventilation -external (pulmonary) respiration -Internal (tissue) respiration What is ventilation -breathing: involves both inhalation and exhalation -exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli