Life Notes
Metabolism
Combo of both anabolic+catabolic reactions.
- Anabolism: USES ENERGY. small molecules -> large substances.
- Catabolism: RELEASES ENERGY. large substances -> small molecules
- ATP stores+releases energy.
1. Cells store energy in synthesis (anabolism) of ATP
2. ATP moves to location where energy is needed
3. ATP is broken down (catabolism). Controlled amt of energy is released
Nutrient Classes
1. Water
2. Energy-yielding/body-building: carbs+lipids can break down to become ATP
3. Micronutrients (vitamins/minerals): for chem reactions+body structure
Homeostasis
Negative feedback
Tries to reduce an excessive response and keep a variable within the normal range
- EX: Blood glucose regulation: pancreatic beta cells release insulin in response to high
glucose, prompting cells to uptake glucose, lowering blood sugar levels.
Temp Regulation
- HEAT LOSS:
1. Blood vessels dilate, increasing blood flow to the skin.
2. Sweat glands activate, promoting evaporation and cooling.
3. Increased respiration enhances heat loss.
- HEAT GAIN:
1. Blood flow to skin decreases, conserving heat.
2. Shivering and hormonal responses (thyroid hormone, epinephrine) increase metabolism
and heat production.
Positive feedback
Intensifies changes in physiological conditions rather than reversing them.
- EX:
a. Contractions push the baby against the cervix, triggering oxytocin release, which
increases contractions until birth.
b. Injury triggers clotting factors, which amplify the response to seal the wound.
, Anatomy Terms
Body Regions
- Cranial Region: Upper head.
- Facial Region: Lower head, below ears.
- Cervical Region: Neck.
- Trunk: MAIN BODY FRAME. Thoracic, mammary, abdominal, coxal, and pubic regions.
- Limbs:
a. Upper: SHOULDER TO FINGERS
b. Lower: THIGHS TO TOES
Body Orientation Terms
- Standard Orientation: body upright, palms forward
- Prone: Face-down position.
- Supine: Face-up position.
Directional Terms
- Anterior (Ventral): Front of the body.
- Posterior (Dorsal): Back of the body.
Metabolism
Combo of both anabolic+catabolic reactions.
- Anabolism: USES ENERGY. small molecules -> large substances.
- Catabolism: RELEASES ENERGY. large substances -> small molecules
- ATP stores+releases energy.
1. Cells store energy in synthesis (anabolism) of ATP
2. ATP moves to location where energy is needed
3. ATP is broken down (catabolism). Controlled amt of energy is released
Nutrient Classes
1. Water
2. Energy-yielding/body-building: carbs+lipids can break down to become ATP
3. Micronutrients (vitamins/minerals): for chem reactions+body structure
Homeostasis
Negative feedback
Tries to reduce an excessive response and keep a variable within the normal range
- EX: Blood glucose regulation: pancreatic beta cells release insulin in response to high
glucose, prompting cells to uptake glucose, lowering blood sugar levels.
Temp Regulation
- HEAT LOSS:
1. Blood vessels dilate, increasing blood flow to the skin.
2. Sweat glands activate, promoting evaporation and cooling.
3. Increased respiration enhances heat loss.
- HEAT GAIN:
1. Blood flow to skin decreases, conserving heat.
2. Shivering and hormonal responses (thyroid hormone, epinephrine) increase metabolism
and heat production.
Positive feedback
Intensifies changes in physiological conditions rather than reversing them.
- EX:
a. Contractions push the baby against the cervix, triggering oxytocin release, which
increases contractions until birth.
b. Injury triggers clotting factors, which amplify the response to seal the wound.
, Anatomy Terms
Body Regions
- Cranial Region: Upper head.
- Facial Region: Lower head, below ears.
- Cervical Region: Neck.
- Trunk: MAIN BODY FRAME. Thoracic, mammary, abdominal, coxal, and pubic regions.
- Limbs:
a. Upper: SHOULDER TO FINGERS
b. Lower: THIGHS TO TOES
Body Orientation Terms
- Standard Orientation: body upright, palms forward
- Prone: Face-down position.
- Supine: Face-up position.
Directional Terms
- Anterior (Ventral): Front of the body.
- Posterior (Dorsal): Back of the body.
