GALEN NUR 210 EXAM 1 MODULES 1-3 ACTUAL EXAM WITH
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER-The process in which medications
move through the body
What are the 4 phases of pharmacokinetics? - ANSWER-
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Absorption - ANSWER-happens with drug movement from the
GI tract into the bloodstream. Most meds are taken by mouth.
Oral absorption - ANSWER-Takes awhile to get absorbed
because it has to go through the GI system
Usually takes 2-4 hours
•Enteric coated
aspirin - hard on stomach
can not crush pill
•Extended release
absorbed in the small intestine
,IM absorption - ANSWER-Absorbed 1-2 hours
IV absorption - ANSWER-Absorbed 30-60 minutes
dissolution - ANSWER-Dissolution happens when a po
medication breaks down into particles, disintegrates, and
dissolves to combine with liquid so absorption from the GI tract
into the bloodstream occurs.
Liquid medications are absorbed faster than solids. Food can
interfere with the absorption of drugs.
Drugs that resist dissolution - ANSWER-Parenteral medications
(SL, eyedrops, inhalants, transdermal) do not pass through the
GI tract.
Enteric coated medications are designed to resist disintegration
until the pill reaches the small intestine. EC and sustained
release meds should not be crushed.
Factors that affect absorption - ANSWER-•Lack of muscle and
increased fat changes medicine absorption
•Food consumption - will change medicine potency (delayed)
•Stress - Exercise, medicine goes to muscle
•pH - Medicine is made for acidic environments
•Antacid changes absorption
,•Taken alone so it doesn't change the action
Excipients - ANSWER-Fillers and other substances that make up
tablets as a pill is not 100% drug.
Sometimes an excipient enhances the absorption of a drug such
as with PCN, which is not well absorbed from the GI tract.
Adding Na to PCN, which makes it penicillin sodium, will
increase the absorption of PCN
first pass effect - ANSWER-•the oral drugs go to liver via portal
vein where some of the drug becomes inactive
•Only happens with oral medications
delayed gastric emptying - ANSWER-Food doesn't move like it
should
Distribution - ANSWER-refers to the movement of the drug from
the circulation to body tissues
Factors affecting distribution - ANSWER--blood flow to tissues
-protein binding
-blood brain barrier
-drug's affinity to the tissue
, protein binding - ANSWER-Drugs bind with proteins in blood
Some drugs are highly protein bound and other are weakly
protein bound
free drugs - ANSWER-drugs not bound to protein
Drug Toxicity - ANSWER--Two highly protein bound drugs
compete and one might accumulate and cause a toxicity
-it is important to know if you are administering highly protein
bound medications and monitor albumin levels in patients with
liver or kidney disease.
-Some drugs that are highly protein bound include: Warfarin
Furosemide
Diazepam
Drug distribution and albumin - ANSWER--A decrease in
albumin levels decrease the protein-binding sites, which means
more of the free drug is circulated.
-This can be fatal with some meds.
-Free drugs are those not bound to protein, which means they
are active in the body and cause a pharmacologic response.
-Older adults, malnourished individuals, and those with liver or
kidney disease have low albumin levels.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER-The process in which medications
move through the body
What are the 4 phases of pharmacokinetics? - ANSWER-
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Absorption - ANSWER-happens with drug movement from the
GI tract into the bloodstream. Most meds are taken by mouth.
Oral absorption - ANSWER-Takes awhile to get absorbed
because it has to go through the GI system
Usually takes 2-4 hours
•Enteric coated
aspirin - hard on stomach
can not crush pill
•Extended release
absorbed in the small intestine
,IM absorption - ANSWER-Absorbed 1-2 hours
IV absorption - ANSWER-Absorbed 30-60 minutes
dissolution - ANSWER-Dissolution happens when a po
medication breaks down into particles, disintegrates, and
dissolves to combine with liquid so absorption from the GI tract
into the bloodstream occurs.
Liquid medications are absorbed faster than solids. Food can
interfere with the absorption of drugs.
Drugs that resist dissolution - ANSWER-Parenteral medications
(SL, eyedrops, inhalants, transdermal) do not pass through the
GI tract.
Enteric coated medications are designed to resist disintegration
until the pill reaches the small intestine. EC and sustained
release meds should not be crushed.
Factors that affect absorption - ANSWER-•Lack of muscle and
increased fat changes medicine absorption
•Food consumption - will change medicine potency (delayed)
•Stress - Exercise, medicine goes to muscle
•pH - Medicine is made for acidic environments
•Antacid changes absorption
,•Taken alone so it doesn't change the action
Excipients - ANSWER-Fillers and other substances that make up
tablets as a pill is not 100% drug.
Sometimes an excipient enhances the absorption of a drug such
as with PCN, which is not well absorbed from the GI tract.
Adding Na to PCN, which makes it penicillin sodium, will
increase the absorption of PCN
first pass effect - ANSWER-•the oral drugs go to liver via portal
vein where some of the drug becomes inactive
•Only happens with oral medications
delayed gastric emptying - ANSWER-Food doesn't move like it
should
Distribution - ANSWER-refers to the movement of the drug from
the circulation to body tissues
Factors affecting distribution - ANSWER--blood flow to tissues
-protein binding
-blood brain barrier
-drug's affinity to the tissue
, protein binding - ANSWER-Drugs bind with proteins in blood
Some drugs are highly protein bound and other are weakly
protein bound
free drugs - ANSWER-drugs not bound to protein
Drug Toxicity - ANSWER--Two highly protein bound drugs
compete and one might accumulate and cause a toxicity
-it is important to know if you are administering highly protein
bound medications and monitor albumin levels in patients with
liver or kidney disease.
-Some drugs that are highly protein bound include: Warfarin
Furosemide
Diazepam
Drug distribution and albumin - ANSWER--A decrease in
albumin levels decrease the protein-binding sites, which means
more of the free drug is circulated.
-This can be fatal with some meds.
-Free drugs are those not bound to protein, which means they
are active in the body and cause a pharmacologic response.
-Older adults, malnourished individuals, and those with liver or
kidney disease have low albumin levels.
