Introduction ● Diagnosis & Treatment: supports mental
Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychological health professionals in assessing disorders
Testing and Assessment and planning interventions.
● Fairness & Standardization: ensures
assessments are valid, reliable and
What is Psychometrics?
appropriate for diverse populations.
● Is the field of study concerned with the ● Professional Competence: psychologists,
theory & technique of psych assessment; counsellors, and educators need knowledge
● Which includes the measurement of of tests to use them ethically and effectively.
knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and
personality traits.
● Primarily concerned with the differences Comparison between Assessment and Testing
among individuals
Assessment Testing
What is a Research Task?
Objective: ● Typically to
● The construction of instruments and ● Typically to obtain some
procedures for measurement answer a gauge, usually
● The development and refinement of referral numerical in
theoretical approaches to measurement question, nature, with
● Solve a regards to an
What is a Test? problem or ability to
● A measurement device/technique used to arrive at a attribute
quantify behavior. decision
through the
Test Score: are not a perfect measure, but they use of tools of
add significantly to the prediction process. evaluation
Process: ● May be
Items: a specific stimulus to which an individual ● Individualized; individual/group
responds overtly. ● Focuses more ● Little regard for
on “how” an the mechanics
What is a Psychological Test? individual of the content
processes
● Set of items designed to measure the
characteristics of a human being that Role of Evaluator: ● Tester is not
pertains to behavior. ● Assessor is the key to the
the key to the process;
Psychological tests and other tools of assessment process of ● Testers may be
may differ with respect to a number of variables. selecting tests substituted by
Such as: ● Drawing another without
conclusions affecting the
1. Content from the entire evaluation.
2. Format evaluation
3. Administration Procedures Skill of Evaluator: ● Requires skills
4. Scoring and Interpretation Procedures ● Requires of
5. Technical Quality knowledge in administering
selecting and scoring
appropriate tests
Why do we study Psychological Testing?
tools ● + interpretation
● Understand Behavior: helps explain ● Have skills to of test results.
individual differences in intelligence, evaluate
personality and abilities. ● Thoughtful
,Outcome: ● Yields a test group. 75%
● Uses a logical score Ex. Raven’s
problem-solvin Progressive Matrices
g approach that (several norm groups
combines serve as the
various data comparison group for
the interpretation of
sources to
data.)
answer a
referral
question. 2. Verbal & Non-verbal:
a. verbal tests are measured involving
words (SRA: vocabulary &
Collaborative Psychological Assessment
arithmetic).
b. Do not use words, uses geometrical
● The Assessor and Assessee may work as figures or patterns: (Progressive
“partners” from initial contact, through final Matrices, Purdue Non-verbal
feedback. (Fischer, 1978, 2004, 2006) Language test)
Therapeutic Psychological Assessment 3. Speed and Power Test:
a. Speed Test: time-limited test (SRA,
● The assessment encourages self-discovery typing test)
and new understandings. b. Power Test: measure competencies
and abilities. (differential aptitude
Dynamic Assessment test)
4. Objective & Subjective Tests:
● Refers to an interactive approach that
a. Objective: do not involve personal
usually follows a model:
sharings. Measures achievements
○ Evaluation
(multiple choice, true or false)
○ Intervention
b. Subjective: (measuring personality,
attitude, perception, etc.)
The Process of Assessment 5. Cognitive & Affective Tests:
1. Referral Questions → 2. Evaluate the
Cognitive Affective
questions/Identify the problems → 3. Plan
data collection → 4. Collect Assessment ● Thinking ability; ● Interests,
Data → 5. Interpret Data → 6. ● Cognitive ● Personality,
Communicate Findings process, ● Emotions &
● Abstract ● Values
reasoning,
The Tools Of Psychological Assessment ● judgment &
● insight
(1) Test
● Measuring device to gather info on an 6. Achievement & Aptitude Test
individual’s personality, attitude, values, iq,
etc. Standardized & nonstandardized
Achievement Aptitude
TYPES OF TEST: ● What a student ● Future
1. Norm-Referenced vs. has learned performance;
Criterion-Referenced ● Combination of
achievement
Norm-Referenced Criterion-Referenced and skills test
, 8. Personality Test: provides information ● Clinical Psychologists – for diagnosing
about specific aspects of personality such and treating mental and emotional
as: needs, values, interests, typical way of disorders.
responding to situations and mental ● Counsellors & Therapists – to guide
disorders. clients in personal, social, and emotional
Objective tests: 16 PF, MMPI, CPT, Five Factor concerns.
Personality Test. (a.k.a. Self-report personality ● Educational Professionals – teachers,
inventory. Requires written response (multiple school psychologists, and guidance
choice, true or false, scales) counsellors use them for placement,
learning difficulties, and career guidance.
Projective Tests: Rorschach Inkblot Test, TAT, ● Industrial/Organisational Psychologists –
BGVMT (Offer no specified answer; ambiguous) in hiring, training, and employee evaluation.
● Medical Professionals – psychiatrists,
9. Neuropsychological Test: assesses the neurologists, and doctors use tests for
level of functioning and identify the areas of cognitive and behavioural assessment.
mental impairment of a person who ● Researchers – to study human behaviour,
experiences traumatic brain injury. development, and psychological processes.
a. Progress evaluation who has ● Government & Legal Systems – in
undergone treatment forensic settings for competency, criminal
b. May be used to screen children w/ responsibility, and custody cases.
developmental delays/disabilities
Historical Perspectives
(2) Interview
(3) Portfolio 1920s–1940s – Early Personality Tests
(4) Case History Data
(5) Behavioral Observation
(6) Roleplay Test ● Woodworth Personal Data Sheet
(7) Computer Assisted Test ● Rorschach Test (1921, Herman Rorschach)
12 Assumptions on Psychological Assessment ● Thematic Apperception Test (1935)
● Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
● Psychological traits and states exists and (MMPI, 1943)
can be measured
● Multiple measurement methods for the ● MMPI-2 (Butcher, 1989–1990)
same construct can be useful
● Assessment can answer significant life ● Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire
questions (16PF, R.B. Cattell, early 1940s)
● Assessment can identify phenomena
needing further study 1940s–1950s
● Assessment involves multiple data source
and various sources of error
● Test and measurements techniques have ● Clinical Psychology established
inherent strength and weaknesses
● Testing became major function of clinical
● Test-related behavior predicts non-test
psychologists
behavior
● Present behavior sampling predicts future ● Growth of applied branches:
behavior
● Testing and assessment can be conducted ○ Neuropsychology
fairly and without bias
○ Health Psychology
, 1980s–Present – Expansion and continuous Measurements of Intelligence
development of applied psychology
________________________________________ Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon
● Developed 330-item intelligence scale (for
Chapter 2: Historical and Ethical Considerations
Paris schoolchildren)
Historical and Ethical Considerations
● Ranked tests according to age levels of
average child
Han Dynasty (206 B.C.E.-220 C.E)
● Last revision published in 1911
● Use of test batteries (2 or more tests
Lewis Terman
together) common
● Applied to civil law, military, agriculture,
● Standardized the Binet-Simon scale in the
revenue, geography
US
● Developed Stanford-Binet Intelligence
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Test (1916, 1917)
● Origin of species introduced natural
David Wechsler
selection
● Inspired studies of individual differences
● Developed Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence
Scale
Francis Galton (1869)
● Revised Wechsler Adult Intelligence
● Aspired to classify people by natural gifts Scale (WAIS)
and deviations from average
WWI & Robert S. Woodworth
● Developed tools like questionnaires, rating
scales, self-report inventories
● Need to screen recruits for intellectual
● Introduced coefficient of correlation
functioning
● First to stress individual differences;
● Woodworth created Woodworth
● Made first mental ability tests
Psychoneurotic Inventory (self-report
personality test)
Wilhelm Max Wundt
● Founded psychology lab at University of Projective Tests
Leipzig
● Studied reaction time, perception, Hermann Rorschach
attention span
● Focused on similarities ● Developed Rorschach Inkblot Test
(projective)
James McKeen Cattell
Henry A. Murray & Christiana D. Morgan
● Studied individual differences in reaction
time ● Created Thematic Apperception Test
● Coined the term “mental test” (1888) (TAT) (1930s, Harvard Psychological Clinic)
Charles Spearmen History of Psychological Testing in the
Philippines
● Introduced concept of test reliability
● Built framework for factor analysis ● Spanish Period (1863):
Victor Henri The Royal Decree established the education
system; assessment for civil service.
● Collaborated with Alfred Binet on mental
Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychological health professionals in assessing disorders
Testing and Assessment and planning interventions.
● Fairness & Standardization: ensures
assessments are valid, reliable and
What is Psychometrics?
appropriate for diverse populations.
● Is the field of study concerned with the ● Professional Competence: psychologists,
theory & technique of psych assessment; counsellors, and educators need knowledge
● Which includes the measurement of of tests to use them ethically and effectively.
knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and
personality traits.
● Primarily concerned with the differences Comparison between Assessment and Testing
among individuals
Assessment Testing
What is a Research Task?
Objective: ● Typically to
● The construction of instruments and ● Typically to obtain some
procedures for measurement answer a gauge, usually
● The development and refinement of referral numerical in
theoretical approaches to measurement question, nature, with
● Solve a regards to an
What is a Test? problem or ability to
● A measurement device/technique used to arrive at a attribute
quantify behavior. decision
through the
Test Score: are not a perfect measure, but they use of tools of
add significantly to the prediction process. evaluation
Process: ● May be
Items: a specific stimulus to which an individual ● Individualized; individual/group
responds overtly. ● Focuses more ● Little regard for
on “how” an the mechanics
What is a Psychological Test? individual of the content
processes
● Set of items designed to measure the
characteristics of a human being that Role of Evaluator: ● Tester is not
pertains to behavior. ● Assessor is the key to the
the key to the process;
Psychological tests and other tools of assessment process of ● Testers may be
may differ with respect to a number of variables. selecting tests substituted by
Such as: ● Drawing another without
conclusions affecting the
1. Content from the entire evaluation.
2. Format evaluation
3. Administration Procedures Skill of Evaluator: ● Requires skills
4. Scoring and Interpretation Procedures ● Requires of
5. Technical Quality knowledge in administering
selecting and scoring
appropriate tests
Why do we study Psychological Testing?
tools ● + interpretation
● Understand Behavior: helps explain ● Have skills to of test results.
individual differences in intelligence, evaluate
personality and abilities. ● Thoughtful
,Outcome: ● Yields a test group. 75%
● Uses a logical score Ex. Raven’s
problem-solvin Progressive Matrices
g approach that (several norm groups
combines serve as the
various data comparison group for
the interpretation of
sources to
data.)
answer a
referral
question. 2. Verbal & Non-verbal:
a. verbal tests are measured involving
words (SRA: vocabulary &
Collaborative Psychological Assessment
arithmetic).
b. Do not use words, uses geometrical
● The Assessor and Assessee may work as figures or patterns: (Progressive
“partners” from initial contact, through final Matrices, Purdue Non-verbal
feedback. (Fischer, 1978, 2004, 2006) Language test)
Therapeutic Psychological Assessment 3. Speed and Power Test:
a. Speed Test: time-limited test (SRA,
● The assessment encourages self-discovery typing test)
and new understandings. b. Power Test: measure competencies
and abilities. (differential aptitude
Dynamic Assessment test)
4. Objective & Subjective Tests:
● Refers to an interactive approach that
a. Objective: do not involve personal
usually follows a model:
sharings. Measures achievements
○ Evaluation
(multiple choice, true or false)
○ Intervention
b. Subjective: (measuring personality,
attitude, perception, etc.)
The Process of Assessment 5. Cognitive & Affective Tests:
1. Referral Questions → 2. Evaluate the
Cognitive Affective
questions/Identify the problems → 3. Plan
data collection → 4. Collect Assessment ● Thinking ability; ● Interests,
Data → 5. Interpret Data → 6. ● Cognitive ● Personality,
Communicate Findings process, ● Emotions &
● Abstract ● Values
reasoning,
The Tools Of Psychological Assessment ● judgment &
● insight
(1) Test
● Measuring device to gather info on an 6. Achievement & Aptitude Test
individual’s personality, attitude, values, iq,
etc. Standardized & nonstandardized
Achievement Aptitude
TYPES OF TEST: ● What a student ● Future
1. Norm-Referenced vs. has learned performance;
Criterion-Referenced ● Combination of
achievement
Norm-Referenced Criterion-Referenced and skills test
, 8. Personality Test: provides information ● Clinical Psychologists – for diagnosing
about specific aspects of personality such and treating mental and emotional
as: needs, values, interests, typical way of disorders.
responding to situations and mental ● Counsellors & Therapists – to guide
disorders. clients in personal, social, and emotional
Objective tests: 16 PF, MMPI, CPT, Five Factor concerns.
Personality Test. (a.k.a. Self-report personality ● Educational Professionals – teachers,
inventory. Requires written response (multiple school psychologists, and guidance
choice, true or false, scales) counsellors use them for placement,
learning difficulties, and career guidance.
Projective Tests: Rorschach Inkblot Test, TAT, ● Industrial/Organisational Psychologists –
BGVMT (Offer no specified answer; ambiguous) in hiring, training, and employee evaluation.
● Medical Professionals – psychiatrists,
9. Neuropsychological Test: assesses the neurologists, and doctors use tests for
level of functioning and identify the areas of cognitive and behavioural assessment.
mental impairment of a person who ● Researchers – to study human behaviour,
experiences traumatic brain injury. development, and psychological processes.
a. Progress evaluation who has ● Government & Legal Systems – in
undergone treatment forensic settings for competency, criminal
b. May be used to screen children w/ responsibility, and custody cases.
developmental delays/disabilities
Historical Perspectives
(2) Interview
(3) Portfolio 1920s–1940s – Early Personality Tests
(4) Case History Data
(5) Behavioral Observation
(6) Roleplay Test ● Woodworth Personal Data Sheet
(7) Computer Assisted Test ● Rorschach Test (1921, Herman Rorschach)
12 Assumptions on Psychological Assessment ● Thematic Apperception Test (1935)
● Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
● Psychological traits and states exists and (MMPI, 1943)
can be measured
● Multiple measurement methods for the ● MMPI-2 (Butcher, 1989–1990)
same construct can be useful
● Assessment can answer significant life ● Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire
questions (16PF, R.B. Cattell, early 1940s)
● Assessment can identify phenomena
needing further study 1940s–1950s
● Assessment involves multiple data source
and various sources of error
● Test and measurements techniques have ● Clinical Psychology established
inherent strength and weaknesses
● Testing became major function of clinical
● Test-related behavior predicts non-test
psychologists
behavior
● Present behavior sampling predicts future ● Growth of applied branches:
behavior
● Testing and assessment can be conducted ○ Neuropsychology
fairly and without bias
○ Health Psychology
, 1980s–Present – Expansion and continuous Measurements of Intelligence
development of applied psychology
________________________________________ Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon
● Developed 330-item intelligence scale (for
Chapter 2: Historical and Ethical Considerations
Paris schoolchildren)
Historical and Ethical Considerations
● Ranked tests according to age levels of
average child
Han Dynasty (206 B.C.E.-220 C.E)
● Last revision published in 1911
● Use of test batteries (2 or more tests
Lewis Terman
together) common
● Applied to civil law, military, agriculture,
● Standardized the Binet-Simon scale in the
revenue, geography
US
● Developed Stanford-Binet Intelligence
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Test (1916, 1917)
● Origin of species introduced natural
David Wechsler
selection
● Inspired studies of individual differences
● Developed Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence
Scale
Francis Galton (1869)
● Revised Wechsler Adult Intelligence
● Aspired to classify people by natural gifts Scale (WAIS)
and deviations from average
WWI & Robert S. Woodworth
● Developed tools like questionnaires, rating
scales, self-report inventories
● Need to screen recruits for intellectual
● Introduced coefficient of correlation
functioning
● First to stress individual differences;
● Woodworth created Woodworth
● Made first mental ability tests
Psychoneurotic Inventory (self-report
personality test)
Wilhelm Max Wundt
● Founded psychology lab at University of Projective Tests
Leipzig
● Studied reaction time, perception, Hermann Rorschach
attention span
● Focused on similarities ● Developed Rorschach Inkblot Test
(projective)
James McKeen Cattell
Henry A. Murray & Christiana D. Morgan
● Studied individual differences in reaction
time ● Created Thematic Apperception Test
● Coined the term “mental test” (1888) (TAT) (1930s, Harvard Psychological Clinic)
Charles Spearmen History of Psychological Testing in the
Philippines
● Introduced concept of test reliability
● Built framework for factor analysis ● Spanish Period (1863):
Victor Henri The Royal Decree established the education
system; assessment for civil service.
● Collaborated with Alfred Binet on mental
