BIO 213 BABU FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
DNA - ANSWER stores the information to make proteins; this makes life possible
each molecule is a polymer made from 4 nucleotides (sugar, phospate, and a
nitrogenous base)
Who showed DNA is the chemical component of heredity, not proteins? - ANSWER
Hershey & Chase
Who discovered the structure of DNA and how? - ANSWER Watson & Crick used
Chargaff's base pair rules and Rosalind Franklin & Maurice Wilkins' X-ray diffraction data
to elucidate the structure of DNA
What are Chargaff's base pair rules? - ANSWER DNA has equal amounts of A's & T's and
G's & C's
DNA double helix - ANSWER ____ composed of two complementary antiparallel
polynucleotide strands
DNA structure - ANSWER Sugar phosphate backbones (or phosphodiester backbones)
are held together by H-bonding or "base pairing" between the bases
,complementary - ANSWER DNA is ___ because one strand determines sequence of the
other
How is DNA read? - ANSWER 5' to 3'
genome - ANSWER contains all of the genetic material in its cells; its entire genetic
complemement
chromosome - ANSWER a continuous molecule of DNA wrapped around a protein in the
nucleus of a eukaryotic cell; also, the genetic material of a prokaryotic cell
most DNA in the nucleus in discreet stretches known as ____
genes - ANSWER Functional units of sequence of DNA that encodes a protein
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - ANSWER flow of information from nucleic acids
(DNA & RNA) to proteins, Watson and Crick
How is a linear sequence of nucleotides converted into a linear sequence of amino acids?
- ANSWER DNA is in the eukaryotic nucleus,
proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm if a eukaryotic cell, information transfer must
be indirect via RNA
, Transcription & translation - ANSWER genetic information is copied into messenger RNA
(mRNA) in the nucleus
mRNA is processed and exported to the cytoplasm
The information within the mRNA is then translated from "nucleotide" to "amino acid" in
the cytoplasm during translation
Both processes are highly regulated, end result is a phenotype
DNA's most important use - ANSWER information storage in the nucleus
Transcription (Tc'n) - ANSWER RNA polymerase synthesizes a copy of one gene from a
DNA template as a heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) molecule
3 stages:
1. Initiation: RNA polymerase binds DNA at the gene's promoter; DNA helix unwinds;
RNA synthesis begins
2. Elongation: DNA threaded through RNApol at Tc'n bubble; RNA strand growing 5'->3';
30-50 nucleotides per second
3. Termination: RNApol reaches "bumps" in terminator region and "falls off"
How is RNA made? - ANSWER Nucleotides are always made 5' to 3' so RNA is made 5' to
3' off of the 3' to 5' DNA template strand
ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
DNA - ANSWER stores the information to make proteins; this makes life possible
each molecule is a polymer made from 4 nucleotides (sugar, phospate, and a
nitrogenous base)
Who showed DNA is the chemical component of heredity, not proteins? - ANSWER
Hershey & Chase
Who discovered the structure of DNA and how? - ANSWER Watson & Crick used
Chargaff's base pair rules and Rosalind Franklin & Maurice Wilkins' X-ray diffraction data
to elucidate the structure of DNA
What are Chargaff's base pair rules? - ANSWER DNA has equal amounts of A's & T's and
G's & C's
DNA double helix - ANSWER ____ composed of two complementary antiparallel
polynucleotide strands
DNA structure - ANSWER Sugar phosphate backbones (or phosphodiester backbones)
are held together by H-bonding or "base pairing" between the bases
,complementary - ANSWER DNA is ___ because one strand determines sequence of the
other
How is DNA read? - ANSWER 5' to 3'
genome - ANSWER contains all of the genetic material in its cells; its entire genetic
complemement
chromosome - ANSWER a continuous molecule of DNA wrapped around a protein in the
nucleus of a eukaryotic cell; also, the genetic material of a prokaryotic cell
most DNA in the nucleus in discreet stretches known as ____
genes - ANSWER Functional units of sequence of DNA that encodes a protein
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - ANSWER flow of information from nucleic acids
(DNA & RNA) to proteins, Watson and Crick
How is a linear sequence of nucleotides converted into a linear sequence of amino acids?
- ANSWER DNA is in the eukaryotic nucleus,
proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm if a eukaryotic cell, information transfer must
be indirect via RNA
, Transcription & translation - ANSWER genetic information is copied into messenger RNA
(mRNA) in the nucleus
mRNA is processed and exported to the cytoplasm
The information within the mRNA is then translated from "nucleotide" to "amino acid" in
the cytoplasm during translation
Both processes are highly regulated, end result is a phenotype
DNA's most important use - ANSWER information storage in the nucleus
Transcription (Tc'n) - ANSWER RNA polymerase synthesizes a copy of one gene from a
DNA template as a heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) molecule
3 stages:
1. Initiation: RNA polymerase binds DNA at the gene's promoter; DNA helix unwinds;
RNA synthesis begins
2. Elongation: DNA threaded through RNApol at Tc'n bubble; RNA strand growing 5'->3';
30-50 nucleotides per second
3. Termination: RNApol reaches "bumps" in terminator region and "falls off"
How is RNA made? - ANSWER Nucleotides are always made 5' to 3' so RNA is made 5' to
3' off of the 3' to 5' DNA template strand
