NR283 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide
Cellular Biology/Cellular Adaptation/Cellular Injury Chapter 1 and 3
8 functions of cells
o Movement – muscle cells generate force to produce motion
o Conductivity – As a response to a stimulus. This is the chief function of nerve
cells
o Metabolic Absorption – take in and use nutrients
o Secretion – with mucous gland cells – absorb substances to be secreted elsewhere
o Excretion – Rid themselves of waste products
o Respiration – Absorb oxygen to transform nutrients to energy
o Reproduction – New cells produced to replace those lost
o Communication – vital for cells to survive as a society (think Osmosis Jones
movie)
ATP
• ATP or adenosine triphosphate plays a major role in that
• ATP is a molecule that stores and transfers energy for the functioning of our cells
, • Specifically it is used in the synthesis (creation) of molecules, muscle contractions, and
active transport
Mitochondria the main job of the mitochondria is that it produces most of the cell’s ATP or
energy.
Cellular metabolism
There are 2 parts to metabolism:
• Anabolism
• The energy using process
• Catabolism
• The energy releasing process
Ribosomes
Ways of cellular communication
Cellular respiration
Anaerobic and aerobic
Sodium/Potassium pump-function, what happens when it fails?, need ATP for this…
, Cellular adaptation-hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia (know examples,
pathologic, physiologic, hormonal, compensatory)
Reversible/irreversible injury
Apoptosis vs. Necrosis
Apoptosis (“dropping off”) is an important distinct type of cell death that differs from necrosis
in several ways. Apoptosis is an active process of cellular self-destruction called programmed
cell death and is implicated in both normal and pathologic tissue changes
Necrosis--Cellular death eventually leads to cellular dissolution, or necrosis. Necrosis is the
sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular self-digestion, known as
autodigestion or autolysis
Types of Necrosis (liquefactive, coagulative, fat, gas gangrene, dry gangrene, wet gangrene
caseous)
Dry gangrene: Slow spreading, tissue becomes dry, brown or black, it shrinks and wrinkles.
Wet gangrene: Area is cold, swollen, pulseless, moist, black and a foul odor production
Coagulative necrosis. Occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands; commonly
results from hypoxia caused by severe 103ischemia or hypoxia caused by chemical injury,
especially ingestion of mercuric chloride. Coagulation is a result of protein denaturation, which
causes the protein albumin to change from a gelatinous, transparent state to a firm, opaque
state .The area of coagulative necrosis is called an infarct.
Types of cells
Cellular Injury (Chemical, Ischemia, Free Radicals, Reperfusion, Infectious, etc.)
Cellular Biology/Cellular Adaptation/Cellular Injury Chapter 1 and 3
8 functions of cells
o Movement – muscle cells generate force to produce motion
o Conductivity – As a response to a stimulus. This is the chief function of nerve
cells
o Metabolic Absorption – take in and use nutrients
o Secretion – with mucous gland cells – absorb substances to be secreted elsewhere
o Excretion – Rid themselves of waste products
o Respiration – Absorb oxygen to transform nutrients to energy
o Reproduction – New cells produced to replace those lost
o Communication – vital for cells to survive as a society (think Osmosis Jones
movie)
ATP
• ATP or adenosine triphosphate plays a major role in that
• ATP is a molecule that stores and transfers energy for the functioning of our cells
, • Specifically it is used in the synthesis (creation) of molecules, muscle contractions, and
active transport
Mitochondria the main job of the mitochondria is that it produces most of the cell’s ATP or
energy.
Cellular metabolism
There are 2 parts to metabolism:
• Anabolism
• The energy using process
• Catabolism
• The energy releasing process
Ribosomes
Ways of cellular communication
Cellular respiration
Anaerobic and aerobic
Sodium/Potassium pump-function, what happens when it fails?, need ATP for this…
, Cellular adaptation-hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia (know examples,
pathologic, physiologic, hormonal, compensatory)
Reversible/irreversible injury
Apoptosis vs. Necrosis
Apoptosis (“dropping off”) is an important distinct type of cell death that differs from necrosis
in several ways. Apoptosis is an active process of cellular self-destruction called programmed
cell death and is implicated in both normal and pathologic tissue changes
Necrosis--Cellular death eventually leads to cellular dissolution, or necrosis. Necrosis is the
sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular self-digestion, known as
autodigestion or autolysis
Types of Necrosis (liquefactive, coagulative, fat, gas gangrene, dry gangrene, wet gangrene
caseous)
Dry gangrene: Slow spreading, tissue becomes dry, brown or black, it shrinks and wrinkles.
Wet gangrene: Area is cold, swollen, pulseless, moist, black and a foul odor production
Coagulative necrosis. Occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands; commonly
results from hypoxia caused by severe 103ischemia or hypoxia caused by chemical injury,
especially ingestion of mercuric chloride. Coagulation is a result of protein denaturation, which
causes the protein albumin to change from a gelatinous, transparent state to a firm, opaque
state .The area of coagulative necrosis is called an infarct.
Types of cells
Cellular Injury (Chemical, Ischemia, Free Radicals, Reperfusion, Infectious, etc.)
