BIOS 251 A&P 1 Final Study Guide
*Spend extra time on the concepts that are in bold*
Don’t forget to study the list of bones and bone features on the Lab Practicum Study Guide!
Ch. 1
Homeostasis
• Condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment, and maintained by regulatory processes.
• Survival of our body cells is dependent on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of their
surrounding fluid
• Internal conditions are in a dynamic equilibrium; set point (like thermostat in house)
• Essential for maintenance of life; death and disease.
Components of the homeostatic control loop (feedback loops)
• Negative Feedback: works to oppose change and brings condition back to a set point
o Stimulus > Controlled Condition (blood pressure) > Receptors (baroreceptors in certain blood vessels) >
Control Center (brain) > Effectors (heart & blood vessels) > Response (decrease in HR)
• Positive Feedback: works to enhance change and brings condition further away from a set point (ex. Birth)
o Stimulus > Controlled Condition (stretching of cervix) > Receptors (stretching of cells in cervix) > Control
Center (brain) > Effectors (muscles in wall of uterus) > Response (baby’s body stretches the cervix more)
Ch. 2
Acids and bases
• Acids: ionize into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more anions (negative ions)
• Bases: dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-) and one or more cations (positive ions) and are proton
acceptors.
pH scale
• Acidity is lower, alkalinity is higher. Scale is 0-14
• 7 is neutral
• Gastric fluid, hydrochloric acid is 0 and 1
• Over cleaner, sodium hydroxide is 13 and 14
• Blood is just over 7
Ch. 3
Tonicity of solutions and their effect on body cells (hypo-, iso-, hypertonic)
• Tonicity of a solution relates to how the solution influences the shape of body cells.
• Isotonic solution = RBC maintain normal shape
• Hypotonic solution = RBC hemolyze
• Hypertonic solution = RBC crenate
1
, Osmosis
• Net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an
area of low water concentration.
Factors that influence the rate of diffusion across the cell membrane
• steepness of the concentration gradient
• temperature
• mass of diffusing substance
• surface area
• diffusion distance
Where DNA may be found in the cell
• Nucleus
• Sometimes in the mitochondria
Where DNA replication occurs in the cell
• Nucleus
Stages of the cell cycle and events at each stage
• Interphase (longest phase)
o G1
§ Cell is metabolically active, duplicating organelles, and cytosolic components except for DNA. 8-10
hours.
o S
§ DNA replicated. 8 hours
o G2. 4-6 hours.
§ Cell growth continues and the cell completes its preparation for cell division
• Mitosis – nuclear division; distribution of two sets of chromosomes, one set into each of two separate nuclei
o PMAT
Stages of mitosis and events at each stage
• Prophase: chromatin condenses and shortens into chromosomes
• Metaphase: centromeres line up at the exact center of mitotic spindle, aka metaphase plate or equatorial plane
region
• Anaphase: the splitting and separation of centromeres and the movement of the two sister chromatids of each pair
toward opposite poles of the cell
• Telophase: begins as soon as chromatid movement stops. Identical sets of chromosomes at opposite poles of the
cell uncoil and revert to their threadlike chromatin form, microtubules disappear or change form, a new nuclear
envelope forms, new nucleoli appear, and the new mitotic spindle eventually breaks.
Ch. 4
2
*Spend extra time on the concepts that are in bold*
Don’t forget to study the list of bones and bone features on the Lab Practicum Study Guide!
Ch. 1
Homeostasis
• Condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment, and maintained by regulatory processes.
• Survival of our body cells is dependent on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of their
surrounding fluid
• Internal conditions are in a dynamic equilibrium; set point (like thermostat in house)
• Essential for maintenance of life; death and disease.
Components of the homeostatic control loop (feedback loops)
• Negative Feedback: works to oppose change and brings condition back to a set point
o Stimulus > Controlled Condition (blood pressure) > Receptors (baroreceptors in certain blood vessels) >
Control Center (brain) > Effectors (heart & blood vessels) > Response (decrease in HR)
• Positive Feedback: works to enhance change and brings condition further away from a set point (ex. Birth)
o Stimulus > Controlled Condition (stretching of cervix) > Receptors (stretching of cells in cervix) > Control
Center (brain) > Effectors (muscles in wall of uterus) > Response (baby’s body stretches the cervix more)
Ch. 2
Acids and bases
• Acids: ionize into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more anions (negative ions)
• Bases: dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-) and one or more cations (positive ions) and are proton
acceptors.
pH scale
• Acidity is lower, alkalinity is higher. Scale is 0-14
• 7 is neutral
• Gastric fluid, hydrochloric acid is 0 and 1
• Over cleaner, sodium hydroxide is 13 and 14
• Blood is just over 7
Ch. 3
Tonicity of solutions and their effect on body cells (hypo-, iso-, hypertonic)
• Tonicity of a solution relates to how the solution influences the shape of body cells.
• Isotonic solution = RBC maintain normal shape
• Hypotonic solution = RBC hemolyze
• Hypertonic solution = RBC crenate
1
, Osmosis
• Net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an
area of low water concentration.
Factors that influence the rate of diffusion across the cell membrane
• steepness of the concentration gradient
• temperature
• mass of diffusing substance
• surface area
• diffusion distance
Where DNA may be found in the cell
• Nucleus
• Sometimes in the mitochondria
Where DNA replication occurs in the cell
• Nucleus
Stages of the cell cycle and events at each stage
• Interphase (longest phase)
o G1
§ Cell is metabolically active, duplicating organelles, and cytosolic components except for DNA. 8-10
hours.
o S
§ DNA replicated. 8 hours
o G2. 4-6 hours.
§ Cell growth continues and the cell completes its preparation for cell division
• Mitosis – nuclear division; distribution of two sets of chromosomes, one set into each of two separate nuclei
o PMAT
Stages of mitosis and events at each stage
• Prophase: chromatin condenses and shortens into chromosomes
• Metaphase: centromeres line up at the exact center of mitotic spindle, aka metaphase plate or equatorial plane
region
• Anaphase: the splitting and separation of centromeres and the movement of the two sister chromatids of each pair
toward opposite poles of the cell
• Telophase: begins as soon as chromatid movement stops. Identical sets of chromosomes at opposite poles of the
cell uncoil and revert to their threadlike chromatin form, microtubules disappear or change form, a new nuclear
envelope forms, new nucleoli appear, and the new mitotic spindle eventually breaks.
Ch. 4
2
