Nurs 611 Exam 2 Advanced Pathophysiology (Maryville University) Newest 2025 Complete 200
Questions And Correct Answers |Already Graded A+
Metabolic disease or genetic syndromes (alcoholic cirrhois, sickle cell, SLE), environmental agents (UV
light, ionizing radiation, chronic hypoxia), medical treatments (anesthesia, splenectomy) - ANSWER-
conditions known to be associated with acquired deficiencies
Results in direct confrontation with the individual's primary defense mechanism against bacteria -
ANSWER-invasion
Results in the microorganism transported in the blood to organs (septicemia) - ANSWER-evasion
Proteins released during bacterial growth; usually enzymes that can damage cell membranes, activate
second messengers, and inhibit protein synthesis - ANSWER-exotoxins
Exotoxins are immunogenic and elicit the production of antibodies known as ______ - ANSWER-
antitoxins
Can lead to fatal endotoxic shock (septic shock), which is one of the leading causes of death in icus -
ANSWER-endotoxins
Proliferation of gram-negative bacteria; once in the blood, endotoxins cause the release of vasoactive
peptides and cytokines, cause decrease oxygen delivery, and produces subsequent cardiovascular shock.
- ANSWER-causes of endotoxic shock
Endotoxin can activate the coagulation cascade, leading to _______ - ANSWER-syndrome of
disseminated intravascular coagulation
Endotoxins release ______ by macrophages - ANSWER-cytokines
Most notable form of secondary or acquired immune deficiency caused by an infectious agent -
ANSWER-AIDS
,Infects and depletes a portion of the immune system, making individuals extremely susceptible to life-
threatening infections and malignancies - ANSWER-HIV
New cases of aids are diagnosed initially by decreased CD4+T-cell numbers at or below _____ - ANSWER-
200cells
1. Alarm stage or reaction
2. Stage of resistance or adaptation
3. Stage of exhaustion - ANSWER-general adaptation syndrome
This will reduce the ability of norepinephrine and epinephrine to circulate appropriately; associated with
one's overall health and their ability to adapt - ANSWER-low albumin levels
The CNS is aroused and the body's defenses are mobilized; one becomes alarmed by a stressor that
activates the hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system - ANSWER-alarm stage or reaction of
general adaptation syndrome
Individual perceives that they have a choice of either 'fighting' or flighting'; this phase begins with the
actions of the hormones cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine - ANSWER-resistance or adaptation
stage of general adaption syndrome
Continuous stress causes the progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms and homeostasis;
this stage marks the onset of certain diseases - ANSWER-exhaustion stage of general adaptation
syndrome
Secretion of this during stress exerts beneficial effects by inhibiting initial inflammatory effects; ex:
vasodilation and increased capillary permeability - ANSWER-cortisol
Cortisol acts to suppress the activity of these cells, which leads to a decrease in innate immunity and to
the proinflammatory response - ANSWER-helper T cells
Cortisol promotes this - ANSWER-resolution and repair
,Adaptive or destructive cortisol-induced effects are dependent on these - ANSWER-intensity, type, and
duration of stressor; tissue involved; subsequent concentration and length of cortisol exposure
Cells are well differentiated; have a slow growth rate; have a capsule; have slight vascularization;
expansile mode of growth; no ability to metastasize - ANSWER-benign tumors
Cells are poorly differentiated; have a rapid growth rate; neovascularization through angiogenesis is
present; invasive mode of growth; has the ability to metastasize - ANSWER-malignant tumors
Hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens, and antibodies - ANSWER-tumor markers
Protein secreted by liver and germ cell tumors into the blood - ANSWER-alpha fetoprotein
Protein secreted by prostate tumors into the blood - ANSWER-PSA
Phenomenon in which the tumor marker itself has biologic activity, then it can cause symptoms ex:
adrenal medulla normally secreetes adrenaline, benign tumors of the adrenal medulla can praduce
adrenaline in vast excess, leading to rapid pulse rate, high bp - ANSWER-paraneoplastic syndrome
Surfactant proteins A through D provide innate resistance by _____ - ANSWER-promoting phagocytosis
______ causes edema that occurs during the inflammation process because it results in a leakage of
plasma from the vessels, causing swelling in the surrounding tissue - ANSWER-increased capillary
permeability
What process causes heat and redness to occur during the inflammatory process? - ANSWER-increased
vasodilation
Tag of pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages - ANSWER-function
of opsonization related to the complement cascade
, Chemotactic factor affects the inflammatory process by ______ - ANSWER-causing vasodilation around
the inflamed area
Role of natural killer cells - ANSWER-elimination of malignant cells
Cytokine produced and released from virally infected host cells in response to viral double-stranded RNA
These are secreted in macrophages - ANSWER-INF-a
Manifestation of systemic inflammation - ANSWER-fever and leukocytosis
The acute inflammatory response is characterized by fever that is produced by the hypothalamus being
affected by _______________ - ANSWER-endogenous pyrogens
This occurs during the process of repair after tissue damage - ANSWER-nonfunctioning scar tissue
replaces destroyed tissue
During phagocytosis, this step involves phagocytes recognizing and adhering to bacteria - ANSWER-
opsonization
During this step of phagocytosis, lysosomal granules enter the phagocyte - ANSWER-fusion during
phagocytosis
When cellular damage occurs and regeneration is minor with no significant complications, the process of
returning the cells to preinjury function is referred to as ___________ - ANSWER-resolution
These chemical mediators induce pain during an inflammatory process - ANSWER-bradykinins,
leukotrienes, and prostaglandins
An individual's acquired immunity is dependent on the function of these cells - ANSWER-t lymphocytes,
b lymphocytes, and macrophages
Questions And Correct Answers |Already Graded A+
Metabolic disease or genetic syndromes (alcoholic cirrhois, sickle cell, SLE), environmental agents (UV
light, ionizing radiation, chronic hypoxia), medical treatments (anesthesia, splenectomy) - ANSWER-
conditions known to be associated with acquired deficiencies
Results in direct confrontation with the individual's primary defense mechanism against bacteria -
ANSWER-invasion
Results in the microorganism transported in the blood to organs (septicemia) - ANSWER-evasion
Proteins released during bacterial growth; usually enzymes that can damage cell membranes, activate
second messengers, and inhibit protein synthesis - ANSWER-exotoxins
Exotoxins are immunogenic and elicit the production of antibodies known as ______ - ANSWER-
antitoxins
Can lead to fatal endotoxic shock (septic shock), which is one of the leading causes of death in icus -
ANSWER-endotoxins
Proliferation of gram-negative bacteria; once in the blood, endotoxins cause the release of vasoactive
peptides and cytokines, cause decrease oxygen delivery, and produces subsequent cardiovascular shock.
- ANSWER-causes of endotoxic shock
Endotoxin can activate the coagulation cascade, leading to _______ - ANSWER-syndrome of
disseminated intravascular coagulation
Endotoxins release ______ by macrophages - ANSWER-cytokines
Most notable form of secondary or acquired immune deficiency caused by an infectious agent -
ANSWER-AIDS
,Infects and depletes a portion of the immune system, making individuals extremely susceptible to life-
threatening infections and malignancies - ANSWER-HIV
New cases of aids are diagnosed initially by decreased CD4+T-cell numbers at or below _____ - ANSWER-
200cells
1. Alarm stage or reaction
2. Stage of resistance or adaptation
3. Stage of exhaustion - ANSWER-general adaptation syndrome
This will reduce the ability of norepinephrine and epinephrine to circulate appropriately; associated with
one's overall health and their ability to adapt - ANSWER-low albumin levels
The CNS is aroused and the body's defenses are mobilized; one becomes alarmed by a stressor that
activates the hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system - ANSWER-alarm stage or reaction of
general adaptation syndrome
Individual perceives that they have a choice of either 'fighting' or flighting'; this phase begins with the
actions of the hormones cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine - ANSWER-resistance or adaptation
stage of general adaption syndrome
Continuous stress causes the progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms and homeostasis;
this stage marks the onset of certain diseases - ANSWER-exhaustion stage of general adaptation
syndrome
Secretion of this during stress exerts beneficial effects by inhibiting initial inflammatory effects; ex:
vasodilation and increased capillary permeability - ANSWER-cortisol
Cortisol acts to suppress the activity of these cells, which leads to a decrease in innate immunity and to
the proinflammatory response - ANSWER-helper T cells
Cortisol promotes this - ANSWER-resolution and repair
,Adaptive or destructive cortisol-induced effects are dependent on these - ANSWER-intensity, type, and
duration of stressor; tissue involved; subsequent concentration and length of cortisol exposure
Cells are well differentiated; have a slow growth rate; have a capsule; have slight vascularization;
expansile mode of growth; no ability to metastasize - ANSWER-benign tumors
Cells are poorly differentiated; have a rapid growth rate; neovascularization through angiogenesis is
present; invasive mode of growth; has the ability to metastasize - ANSWER-malignant tumors
Hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens, and antibodies - ANSWER-tumor markers
Protein secreted by liver and germ cell tumors into the blood - ANSWER-alpha fetoprotein
Protein secreted by prostate tumors into the blood - ANSWER-PSA
Phenomenon in which the tumor marker itself has biologic activity, then it can cause symptoms ex:
adrenal medulla normally secreetes adrenaline, benign tumors of the adrenal medulla can praduce
adrenaline in vast excess, leading to rapid pulse rate, high bp - ANSWER-paraneoplastic syndrome
Surfactant proteins A through D provide innate resistance by _____ - ANSWER-promoting phagocytosis
______ causes edema that occurs during the inflammation process because it results in a leakage of
plasma from the vessels, causing swelling in the surrounding tissue - ANSWER-increased capillary
permeability
What process causes heat and redness to occur during the inflammatory process? - ANSWER-increased
vasodilation
Tag of pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages - ANSWER-function
of opsonization related to the complement cascade
, Chemotactic factor affects the inflammatory process by ______ - ANSWER-causing vasodilation around
the inflamed area
Role of natural killer cells - ANSWER-elimination of malignant cells
Cytokine produced and released from virally infected host cells in response to viral double-stranded RNA
These are secreted in macrophages - ANSWER-INF-a
Manifestation of systemic inflammation - ANSWER-fever and leukocytosis
The acute inflammatory response is characterized by fever that is produced by the hypothalamus being
affected by _______________ - ANSWER-endogenous pyrogens
This occurs during the process of repair after tissue damage - ANSWER-nonfunctioning scar tissue
replaces destroyed tissue
During phagocytosis, this step involves phagocytes recognizing and adhering to bacteria - ANSWER-
opsonization
During this step of phagocytosis, lysosomal granules enter the phagocyte - ANSWER-fusion during
phagocytosis
When cellular damage occurs and regeneration is minor with no significant complications, the process of
returning the cells to preinjury function is referred to as ___________ - ANSWER-resolution
These chemical mediators induce pain during an inflammatory process - ANSWER-bradykinins,
leukotrienes, and prostaglandins
An individual's acquired immunity is dependent on the function of these cells - ANSWER-t lymphocytes,
b lymphocytes, and macrophages
