ONS/ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY
IMMUNOTHERAPY CERTIFICATION
LATEST EXAM 2024 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS |GRADED
A+
The Normal Cell Cycle - ANSWER --The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes of DNA
replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes molecular
information
Interphase and Mitotic Phase - ANSWER -Cell division produces two identical cells through these
two major phases
During interphase: - ANSWER -Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following three
steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
1|Page
,First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - ANSWER --cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
Synthesis Phase (S phase) - ANSWER --DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
Mitotic Phase (M phase) - ANSWER --Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and
move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - ANSWER --G1 checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
2|Page
,-M phase
Restriction Point - ANSWER --The transition from the resting phase into an actively dividing
phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send the cells past
the restriction point, or the point of no return
G0 Phase (resting phase) - ANSWER --After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1 phase or go
into a resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - ANSWER --Exceptions to this are
those that are metabollically active, such as
-granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
Cell Cycling Time - ANSWER -Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
Cell cycle video and image - ANSWER -
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__ho
w_the_cell_cycle_works.html
3|Page
, Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - ANSWER --The cell cycle is carefully
controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can alter the
genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and disease,
such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through mitosis
Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: - ANSWER -1. cyclines (D,
E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell cycle
Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs - ANSWER --(G0-G1) : Cyclin D and CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
-Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B
4|Page
IMMUNOTHERAPY CERTIFICATION
LATEST EXAM 2024 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS |GRADED
A+
The Normal Cell Cycle - ANSWER --The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes of DNA
replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes molecular
information
Interphase and Mitotic Phase - ANSWER -Cell division produces two identical cells through these
two major phases
During interphase: - ANSWER -Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following three
steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
1|Page
,First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - ANSWER --cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
Synthesis Phase (S phase) - ANSWER --DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
Mitotic Phase (M phase) - ANSWER --Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and
move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - ANSWER --G1 checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
2|Page
,-M phase
Restriction Point - ANSWER --The transition from the resting phase into an actively dividing
phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send the cells past
the restriction point, or the point of no return
G0 Phase (resting phase) - ANSWER --After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1 phase or go
into a resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - ANSWER --Exceptions to this are
those that are metabollically active, such as
-granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
Cell Cycling Time - ANSWER -Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
Cell cycle video and image - ANSWER -
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__ho
w_the_cell_cycle_works.html
3|Page
, Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - ANSWER --The cell cycle is carefully
controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can alter the
genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and disease,
such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through mitosis
Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: - ANSWER -1. cyclines (D,
E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell cycle
Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs - ANSWER --(G0-G1) : Cyclin D and CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
-Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B
4|Page
