Describe the location of the spinal cord
Give this one a try later!
extends through vertebral canal from foramen magnun
Describe how myokinase and creatine kinase function in the phosphagen system
Give this one a try later!
myokinase: transfers Pi from one ADP to another converting latter to ATP
creatine kinase: obtains Pi from a phosphate-storage molecule creatine
phosphate; fast acting system that helps maintain the ATP level while other
ATP generating mechanisms are being activated
,Compare excitatory and inhibitory ionic synapses
Give this one a try later!
inhibitory: GABA-ergic synapse employs -aminobutyric acid as its
neurotransmitter
Nerve signal triggers release of GABA into synaptic cleft
GABA receptors are chloride channels
Cl− enters cell and makes the inside more negative than the resting
membrane potential
Postsynaptic neuron is inhibited, and less likely to fire
Describe the anatomy of the spinal cord
Give this one a try later!
nerve tissue cylinder within vertebral canal; thick as finger; in adult only
extends to L1
31 pairs of nerves (cervical ,thoracic, lumbar, sacral regions: named for level
of vertebral column where nerves exit, each segment gives rise to pair of
spinal nerves)
cervical and lumbar enlargements
medullary cone (conus medullaris): tapered tip
cauda equinae: L2-S5 (Nerve roots resemble horse tail)
,List the factors that affect maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max)
Give this one a try later!
proportional to body size, peaks at age 20, usually greater in males, can be
2x as great in trained endurance athletes (2x ATP production)
List examples of fast and slow signals
Give this one a try later!
fast: skeletal muscles and transport sensory signals for vision/balance
slow: supply stomach, dilate pupil
Explain the mechanisms involved in rigor mortis
Give this one a try later!
hardening of muscles and stiffening of body beginning 3-4 hours after
death; deteriorating sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2; deteriorating
sarcolemma allows Ca+2 to enter cytosol; Ca+2 activates myosin actin cross
bridging; muscle contracts, but can not relax
muscle relaxation requires ATP which is no longer produced after death,
fibers remain contracted until myofilaments begins to decay
peaks about 12 hours after death, diminishes over 48-60 hrs, dependent on
environmental conditions
, Define a somatic reflex
Give this one a try later!
quick, involuntary stereotypes reactions of glands or muscle to sensory
stimulation; automatic responses to sensory input that occur without our
intent or often even our awareness
functions by means of a stimulation of somatic receptors, afferent fibers
carry signal to dorsal horn of spinal cord, one or more interneurons
integrate the information, efferent fibers carry impulses to skeletal muscles,
skeletal muscles respond
Define local potential
Give this one a try later!
disturbances in membrane potential when a neuron is stimulated by
chemicals, light, heat or mechanical disturbance
membrane very permeable to K+ (much leaks out)
cytoplasmic anions that can not escape due to size or charge ( phosphates,
sulfates, organic acids, proteins)
membrane much less permeable to Na+ (less enters)
Na+/K+ pumps out 3 Na+ for every 2 K+ it brings in
works continuously & requires great deal of ATP
necessitates glucose & oxygen be supplied to nerve tissue
Describe the connective tissues of nerves
Give this one a try later!
Give this one a try later!
extends through vertebral canal from foramen magnun
Describe how myokinase and creatine kinase function in the phosphagen system
Give this one a try later!
myokinase: transfers Pi from one ADP to another converting latter to ATP
creatine kinase: obtains Pi from a phosphate-storage molecule creatine
phosphate; fast acting system that helps maintain the ATP level while other
ATP generating mechanisms are being activated
,Compare excitatory and inhibitory ionic synapses
Give this one a try later!
inhibitory: GABA-ergic synapse employs -aminobutyric acid as its
neurotransmitter
Nerve signal triggers release of GABA into synaptic cleft
GABA receptors are chloride channels
Cl− enters cell and makes the inside more negative than the resting
membrane potential
Postsynaptic neuron is inhibited, and less likely to fire
Describe the anatomy of the spinal cord
Give this one a try later!
nerve tissue cylinder within vertebral canal; thick as finger; in adult only
extends to L1
31 pairs of nerves (cervical ,thoracic, lumbar, sacral regions: named for level
of vertebral column where nerves exit, each segment gives rise to pair of
spinal nerves)
cervical and lumbar enlargements
medullary cone (conus medullaris): tapered tip
cauda equinae: L2-S5 (Nerve roots resemble horse tail)
,List the factors that affect maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max)
Give this one a try later!
proportional to body size, peaks at age 20, usually greater in males, can be
2x as great in trained endurance athletes (2x ATP production)
List examples of fast and slow signals
Give this one a try later!
fast: skeletal muscles and transport sensory signals for vision/balance
slow: supply stomach, dilate pupil
Explain the mechanisms involved in rigor mortis
Give this one a try later!
hardening of muscles and stiffening of body beginning 3-4 hours after
death; deteriorating sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2; deteriorating
sarcolemma allows Ca+2 to enter cytosol; Ca+2 activates myosin actin cross
bridging; muscle contracts, but can not relax
muscle relaxation requires ATP which is no longer produced after death,
fibers remain contracted until myofilaments begins to decay
peaks about 12 hours after death, diminishes over 48-60 hrs, dependent on
environmental conditions
, Define a somatic reflex
Give this one a try later!
quick, involuntary stereotypes reactions of glands or muscle to sensory
stimulation; automatic responses to sensory input that occur without our
intent or often even our awareness
functions by means of a stimulation of somatic receptors, afferent fibers
carry signal to dorsal horn of spinal cord, one or more interneurons
integrate the information, efferent fibers carry impulses to skeletal muscles,
skeletal muscles respond
Define local potential
Give this one a try later!
disturbances in membrane potential when a neuron is stimulated by
chemicals, light, heat or mechanical disturbance
membrane very permeable to K+ (much leaks out)
cytoplasmic anions that can not escape due to size or charge ( phosphates,
sulfates, organic acids, proteins)
membrane much less permeable to Na+ (less enters)
Na+/K+ pumps out 3 Na+ for every 2 K+ it brings in
works continuously & requires great deal of ATP
necessitates glucose & oxygen be supplied to nerve tissue
Describe the connective tissues of nerves
Give this one a try later!
