electrical current
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flow of charged particles from one point to another within the cell
(movement of ions)
fast vs slow signals
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Fast: supply skeletal muscles and transport sensory signals for vision and
balance
Slow: supply the stomach and dilate pupil
,oxygen debt
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when O2 needs to be replaced
-replace O2 reserves that were depleted in the first minutes of exercise
-replenishing the phosphagen system
-oxidizing lactic acid
-serving the elevated metabolic rate
contralateral
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origin and destination are on opposite sides
spastic vs. flaccid paralysis
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Spastic: a state of continual contraction of the muscles (possible
suffocation)
Flaccid: a state in which the muscles are limp and can't contract (compete
with ACh for receptor sites, but do not stimulate the muscles)
-curare: plant poison used by South American natives to poison blowgun
darts
how the myelin sheath is formed in CNS and PNS
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oligodendrocytes in CNS
Schwann cells in PNS
use of oral creatine supplement and strategy of carb loading
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Oral creatine supplement: increases level of creatine phosphate in muscle
tissue and increases speed of ATP regeneration
Carbohydrate loading: dietary regimen that packs extra glycogen into
muscle cells, extra glycogen is hydrophilic and adds 2.7g water/g glycogen
neural integration
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More synapses = more info-processing capability
-Cells in cerebral cortex w/ 40,000 synapses
-Cerebral cortex estimated to contain 100 trillion synapses
Chemical synapses are decision-making components of the nervous
system
-Neural integration is based on types of postsynaptic potentials produced
by neurotransmitters
large or small motor units locations
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, small unit: eye and hand muscles
large units: gastrocnemius
absolute vs relative refractory period
Give this one a try later!
Absolute: no stimulus of any strength will trigger aP, from action potential
to RMP
Relative: only especially strong stimulus will trigger new AP, K+ gates are
still open and any effect of incoming Na+ is opposed by the outgoing K+
afferent vs efferent divisions
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Afferent: carries sensory signals from various receptors -> CNS
Efferent: carries signals from CNS to gland and muscle cells that carry out
response
concentric and eccentric contraction
Give this one a try later!
Concentric: muscle shortens while maintaining tension
Eccentric: muscle lengthens as it maintains tension
Give this one a try later!
flow of charged particles from one point to another within the cell
(movement of ions)
fast vs slow signals
Give this one a try later!
Fast: supply skeletal muscles and transport sensory signals for vision and
balance
Slow: supply the stomach and dilate pupil
,oxygen debt
Give this one a try later!
when O2 needs to be replaced
-replace O2 reserves that were depleted in the first minutes of exercise
-replenishing the phosphagen system
-oxidizing lactic acid
-serving the elevated metabolic rate
contralateral
Give this one a try later!
origin and destination are on opposite sides
spastic vs. flaccid paralysis
Give this one a try later!
Spastic: a state of continual contraction of the muscles (possible
suffocation)
Flaccid: a state in which the muscles are limp and can't contract (compete
with ACh for receptor sites, but do not stimulate the muscles)
-curare: plant poison used by South American natives to poison blowgun
darts
how the myelin sheath is formed in CNS and PNS
,Give this one a try later!
oligodendrocytes in CNS
Schwann cells in PNS
use of oral creatine supplement and strategy of carb loading
Give this one a try later!
Oral creatine supplement: increases level of creatine phosphate in muscle
tissue and increases speed of ATP regeneration
Carbohydrate loading: dietary regimen that packs extra glycogen into
muscle cells, extra glycogen is hydrophilic and adds 2.7g water/g glycogen
neural integration
Give this one a try later!
More synapses = more info-processing capability
-Cells in cerebral cortex w/ 40,000 synapses
-Cerebral cortex estimated to contain 100 trillion synapses
Chemical synapses are decision-making components of the nervous
system
-Neural integration is based on types of postsynaptic potentials produced
by neurotransmitters
large or small motor units locations
Give this one a try later!
, small unit: eye and hand muscles
large units: gastrocnemius
absolute vs relative refractory period
Give this one a try later!
Absolute: no stimulus of any strength will trigger aP, from action potential
to RMP
Relative: only especially strong stimulus will trigger new AP, K+ gates are
still open and any effect of incoming Na+ is opposed by the outgoing K+
afferent vs efferent divisions
Give this one a try later!
Afferent: carries sensory signals from various receptors -> CNS
Efferent: carries signals from CNS to gland and muscle cells that carry out
response
concentric and eccentric contraction
Give this one a try later!
Concentric: muscle shortens while maintaining tension
Eccentric: muscle lengthens as it maintains tension
