NUR 641 E FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE ACTUAL
2025/2026 GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY |
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
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Terms in this set (181)
Pharmacokinetics involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Pharmacokinetic absorption absorption from the administration site either
directly or indirectly in the blood plasma
Parmacokinetic distribution reversibly or irreversibly move from the
bloodstream into the interstitial and intracellular
fluid
Pharmacokinetics metabolism biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other
tissue
Intravenous medications 1. highest bioavailability
2. places entire does into venin thus bypassing
absorption
3. avoids hepatic first pass metabolism in the liver
steady state medication usually reached within 4-5 half lives of the drug
,drug half life 1.the time required for the elimination process to
reduce 2.the concentration of the drug to one half
what it was at initial administration
3.determines drug frequency
4. predicts length of toxic effects
5. constant first order pharmacokinetics of a drug
zero order (nonlinear) drug is metabolized at a constant rate per unit
CYP3A4 metabolizes 50% drugs
inhibit: grapefruit juice
- increase drug -> adverse effects
may have enhanced activity with any other CYP3A4
Six steps in drug development 1. discovery or laboratory for development
process 2. Phase 1 begins with animal testing
3. phase 2 human subjects
4. compare drug to placebo or other drug that is
effective
5.FDA then reviews result and determines approval
6. Post market study to determine other side
effects that were not seen while lab testing
organizations for medication safety 1.Institute of Safe mediation Practice
2. Institute of Medicine
3. Joint commission
4.National Coordinating Council form mediation
error reporting and prevention
5. Food and Drug Administration (safe use initiative)
, Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) 1.Also known as a side effect, an undesirable
reaction that accompanies the principal response
for which the drug was taken include allergic
reactions and adverse drug effects
2. Either pharmacological or idiosyncratic
3. 85-90% of ADRs are pharmacological
4. Reporting is not mandated by FDA thus are not
commonly reported
5. usually preventable occur in hospital and nursing
homes due to med errors
6. Polypharmacy, multiple doctors and multiple
pharmacies increase risk
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 1. end in pril: lisinopril, captopril, enalapril, ramipril,
(ACE) inhibitors benazepril and fosinopril
2. suppress release of angiotensin converting
enzyme
3. side effects include cough and angioedema,
with angioedema the medication should be
discontinued
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers 1. -sartan: candesartan, eprosartan, ibesartan,
(ARBs) Isosartan, telmisartan, valsartan
2.block angiotensin 11 receptors
Essential vs Secondary HTN Essential HTN accounts for 90% of cases and is
also called primary, secondary may be caused by
CKD
2025/2026 GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY |
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
Save
Terms in this set (181)
Pharmacokinetics involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Pharmacokinetic absorption absorption from the administration site either
directly or indirectly in the blood plasma
Parmacokinetic distribution reversibly or irreversibly move from the
bloodstream into the interstitial and intracellular
fluid
Pharmacokinetics metabolism biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other
tissue
Intravenous medications 1. highest bioavailability
2. places entire does into venin thus bypassing
absorption
3. avoids hepatic first pass metabolism in the liver
steady state medication usually reached within 4-5 half lives of the drug
,drug half life 1.the time required for the elimination process to
reduce 2.the concentration of the drug to one half
what it was at initial administration
3.determines drug frequency
4. predicts length of toxic effects
5. constant first order pharmacokinetics of a drug
zero order (nonlinear) drug is metabolized at a constant rate per unit
CYP3A4 metabolizes 50% drugs
inhibit: grapefruit juice
- increase drug -> adverse effects
may have enhanced activity with any other CYP3A4
Six steps in drug development 1. discovery or laboratory for development
process 2. Phase 1 begins with animal testing
3. phase 2 human subjects
4. compare drug to placebo or other drug that is
effective
5.FDA then reviews result and determines approval
6. Post market study to determine other side
effects that were not seen while lab testing
organizations for medication safety 1.Institute of Safe mediation Practice
2. Institute of Medicine
3. Joint commission
4.National Coordinating Council form mediation
error reporting and prevention
5. Food and Drug Administration (safe use initiative)
, Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) 1.Also known as a side effect, an undesirable
reaction that accompanies the principal response
for which the drug was taken include allergic
reactions and adverse drug effects
2. Either pharmacological or idiosyncratic
3. 85-90% of ADRs are pharmacological
4. Reporting is not mandated by FDA thus are not
commonly reported
5. usually preventable occur in hospital and nursing
homes due to med errors
6. Polypharmacy, multiple doctors and multiple
pharmacies increase risk
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 1. end in pril: lisinopril, captopril, enalapril, ramipril,
(ACE) inhibitors benazepril and fosinopril
2. suppress release of angiotensin converting
enzyme
3. side effects include cough and angioedema,
with angioedema the medication should be
discontinued
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers 1. -sartan: candesartan, eprosartan, ibesartan,
(ARBs) Isosartan, telmisartan, valsartan
2.block angiotensin 11 receptors
Essential vs Secondary HTN Essential HTN accounts for 90% of cases and is
also called primary, secondary may be caused by
CKD
