Fetal circulation
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In the fetus, blood enters the circulation through the umbilical vein and
returns to the placenta through the two umbilical arteries.
A vessel called the ductus venous alls the majority of blood from the
umbilical vein to bypass the hepatic circulation and pass directly into the
IVC.
From the IVC, blood flows into the right atrium, where approximately 40%
of the blood volume moves through the foramen ovale into the LA.
It then passes into the LV and is ejected into the ascending aorta to perfuse
the head and upper extremities.
Venous blood from the head and upper extremities returns to the right side
of the heart through the SVC, moves into the RV, and is ejected into the
pulmonary artery.
Almost 90% of blood ejected into the pulmonary artery is diverted through
, the ductus arteriosus into the descending aorta. This blood perfuses the
lower extremities and is returned to the placenta by the umbilical arteries.
Internodal pathways
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Conducts the impulse from the SA node to the AV node.
Left ventricular dysfunction
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Diminished cardiac output with a resultant decrease in peripheral blood
flow and a progressive accumulation of blood in the pulmonary circulation.
Infective endocarditis
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Serious and potentially life-threatening infection of the inner surface of the
heart, including the valves.
Myocardial Hypertrophy and Remodeling
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, Development of myocardial hypertrophy constitutes one of the principal
mechanisms by which the heart compensates for an increase in workload.
Inappropriate hypertrophy and remodeling can result in changes in
structure (i.e. muscle mass, chamber dilation) and cardiac function (i.e.
impaired systolic or diastolic function) that often lead to further pump
dysfunction and hemodynamic overload.
Compensatory mechanisms of heart failure
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In heart failure, cardiac reserve is largely maintained by compensatory
mechanisms such as:
Frank-Starling mechanism
SNS reflexes
RAAS mechanism
Natriuretic peptides
Locally produced vasoactive substances
Myocardial hypertrophy and remodeling
Cardiac tamponade
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Compression of the heart due to the accumulation of fluid or blood in the
pericardial sac.
Acute pericarditis
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In the fetus, blood enters the circulation through the umbilical vein and
returns to the placenta through the two umbilical arteries.
A vessel called the ductus venous alls the majority of blood from the
umbilical vein to bypass the hepatic circulation and pass directly into the
IVC.
From the IVC, blood flows into the right atrium, where approximately 40%
of the blood volume moves through the foramen ovale into the LA.
It then passes into the LV and is ejected into the ascending aorta to perfuse
the head and upper extremities.
Venous blood from the head and upper extremities returns to the right side
of the heart through the SVC, moves into the RV, and is ejected into the
pulmonary artery.
Almost 90% of blood ejected into the pulmonary artery is diverted through
, the ductus arteriosus into the descending aorta. This blood perfuses the
lower extremities and is returned to the placenta by the umbilical arteries.
Internodal pathways
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Conducts the impulse from the SA node to the AV node.
Left ventricular dysfunction
Give this one a try later!
Diminished cardiac output with a resultant decrease in peripheral blood
flow and a progressive accumulation of blood in the pulmonary circulation.
Infective endocarditis
Give this one a try later!
Serious and potentially life-threatening infection of the inner surface of the
heart, including the valves.
Myocardial Hypertrophy and Remodeling
Give this one a try later!
, Development of myocardial hypertrophy constitutes one of the principal
mechanisms by which the heart compensates for an increase in workload.
Inappropriate hypertrophy and remodeling can result in changes in
structure (i.e. muscle mass, chamber dilation) and cardiac function (i.e.
impaired systolic or diastolic function) that often lead to further pump
dysfunction and hemodynamic overload.
Compensatory mechanisms of heart failure
Give this one a try later!
In heart failure, cardiac reserve is largely maintained by compensatory
mechanisms such as:
Frank-Starling mechanism
SNS reflexes
RAAS mechanism
Natriuretic peptides
Locally produced vasoactive substances
Myocardial hypertrophy and remodeling
Cardiac tamponade
Give this one a try later!
Compression of the heart due to the accumulation of fluid or blood in the
pericardial sac.
Acute pericarditis
