Blood stem cells in the bone marrow are the most
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well studied adult stem cells
• Proinsulin processing
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- regulated secretory pathway
Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog
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Positive autoregulatory loop - activates transcription of each of these
genes
• Bind to the transcription-control regions of many genes
• Activate genes encoding proteins and micro-RNAs important for
proliferation &self-renewal of ES cells
• Repress genes that are silenced in undifferentiated ES cells & that encode
proteins and micro-RNAs essential for the formation of differentiated cell
types
Assay of protein transport in the secretory pathway: Sensitivity to cleavage
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more complicated than the GFP assay
• ICM gives rise to cells that form the
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, extra-embryonic primitive endoderm (PE)
Clathrin triskelion structure
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light chain (LC) towards middle of triskelion
heavy chain (HC) towards the ends of the arms
binding site for assembly particles are on the ends of the heavy chains
• ATG proteins induce formation of
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cup-shaped membrane structure (phagophore) around a portion of the
cytosol or an organelle such as a mitochondrion
mesoderm
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middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory,
reproductive, and excretory systems, bone, lung, heart, RBCs, endothelial
cells
, • LDL receptor at neutral pH (as at the cell surface):
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-7 cysteine-rich repeats in the ligand binding arm (R1-R7)
- tightly bind LDL apoB-100 (R4 and R5 - most critical for LDL binding)
-NPXY AP2-targeting sequence in receptorcytosolic domain
• LDL receptor at acidic pH (as in endosome):
-β-propeller domain histidine residues -become protonated
-Positively charged propeller domain binds negatively charged ligand-
binding domainresidues - causes release of the LDL particle
-At pH 5.3, LDL receptor conformation enables substantial hydrophobic &
ionic interactions b/w β propeller & R4 and R5 repeats
In the gastrula stage, 3 germ layers form-
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endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm
Multipotent stem cells & progenitors within these layers give rise to a
variety of differentiated cell types and organ systems
• Amino acid permeases transport amino acids into cytosol for use in
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well studied adult stem cells
• Proinsulin processing
,Give this one a try later!
- regulated secretory pathway
Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog
Give this one a try later!
Positive autoregulatory loop - activates transcription of each of these
genes
• Bind to the transcription-control regions of many genes
• Activate genes encoding proteins and micro-RNAs important for
proliferation &self-renewal of ES cells
• Repress genes that are silenced in undifferentiated ES cells & that encode
proteins and micro-RNAs essential for the formation of differentiated cell
types
Assay of protein transport in the secretory pathway: Sensitivity to cleavage
Give this one a try later!
more complicated than the GFP assay
• ICM gives rise to cells that form the
Give this one a try later!
, extra-embryonic primitive endoderm (PE)
Clathrin triskelion structure
Give this one a try later!
light chain (LC) towards middle of triskelion
heavy chain (HC) towards the ends of the arms
binding site for assembly particles are on the ends of the heavy chains
• ATG proteins induce formation of
Give this one a try later!
cup-shaped membrane structure (phagophore) around a portion of the
cytosol or an organelle such as a mitochondrion
mesoderm
Give this one a try later!
middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory,
reproductive, and excretory systems, bone, lung, heart, RBCs, endothelial
cells
, • LDL receptor at neutral pH (as at the cell surface):
Give this one a try later!
-7 cysteine-rich repeats in the ligand binding arm (R1-R7)
- tightly bind LDL apoB-100 (R4 and R5 - most critical for LDL binding)
-NPXY AP2-targeting sequence in receptorcytosolic domain
• LDL receptor at acidic pH (as in endosome):
-β-propeller domain histidine residues -become protonated
-Positively charged propeller domain binds negatively charged ligand-
binding domainresidues - causes release of the LDL particle
-At pH 5.3, LDL receptor conformation enables substantial hydrophobic &
ionic interactions b/w β propeller & R4 and R5 repeats
In the gastrula stage, 3 germ layers form-
Give this one a try later!
endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm
Multipotent stem cells & progenitors within these layers give rise to a
variety of differentiated cell types and organ systems
• Amino acid permeases transport amino acids into cytosol for use in
Give this one a try later!
