BIOS 1300 Exam 4 Questions with Verified Solutions Latest Update 2025/2026
what is a twitch - Answers single contraction of one muscle fiber produced by single stimulus
(not useful by itself)
what is the sequence of a twitch - Answers stimulus
contraction
relaxation
what are the muscle fiber types - Answers Fast glycolytic (white meat)
Fast oxidative-glycolytic
Slow oxidative (dark meat)
What is fast glycolytic? - Answers fastest twitch (fast myosin)
glycolysis for ATP
quick bursts
fatigues quickly
what is fast oxidative-glycolytic - Answers both aerobic respiration and glycolysis
fast myosin
fatigues less quickly
what is slow oxidative - Answers aerobic respiration
slow myosin
low fatigue
what is the latent period - Answers between stimulus and contraction
AP propagates
Ca++ released
what is contraction - Answers cross-bridge cycle
what is relaxation - Answers Ca++ pumped back to SR
Cross-bridges detach
what are the frequencies of stimulation - Answers Treppe
,Wave summation
Incomplete tetanus
Complete tetanus
what is treppe - Answers next stimulus comes at end of previous stimulus
increase to max tension over 30-50 stimuli
what is wave summation - Answers next stimulus comes before previous relaxation is over
what is incomplete tetanus - Answers sustained high frequency of stimulation
wave summation
reaches plateau
quick periods of partial relaxation
what is complete tetanus - Answers very high frequency of stimulation (no relaxation allowed)
max tension
rapid Actions Potentials
Sustained high Ca++ in sarcoplasm
what is tetanus - Answers Lock-jaw
Clostridium tetani
anaerobic bacterium
tetanus neurotoxin-tetanospasmin(protein)
tetanic spasms leads to respiratory failure
what is muscle contraction - Answers tension generated by muscle = sum of tensions
generated by its fibers
Variation in tension of muscle - frequency of stimulation and number of fibers contracting at
once
what is a motor unit - Answers 1 motor neuron + all fibers it controls
can be small: 4-6 fibers like eye muscles, or large: 1000-2000 fibers like the rectus femoris
they intermingle to distribute force on tendon
, what is motor unit summation/recruitment - Answers motor units are split up and turned on one
by one until required tension is achieved
activation of increasing number of motor units
what is asynchronous motor unit summation - Answers some units rest, while others contract
what are the types of contraction - Answers Isometric - muscle generates tension/does NOT
shorten
Isotonic - muscle generates tension/muscle changes length:2 types
what are the 2 types of isotonic muscle changes - Answers Concentric - shortens
Eccentric - lengthens
what are the functions of the nervous system - Answers 1) Sensory - recognize changes in the
environment
2) Integration - analysis of sensory info, info storage, decisions
3) Motor - signals to effectors (muscles or glands)
what is the organization of the nervous system - Answers Central NS
Peripheral NS
Cranial nerves (straight out of brain)
what is the sensory division of PNS - Answers Somatic senses: touch nociception,
proprioception, etc
Special senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell
what is the motor division of PNS - Answers Somatic NS: voluntary (skeletal muscle)
Autonomic NS: involuntary (split into 3 subdivisions)
what are the subdivisions of autonomic nervous system - Answers Sympathetic: fight or flight
(smooth & cardiac muscle & glands)
Parasympathetic: rest and digest (smooth & cardiac muscle & glands)
Enteric: controls digestive system (smooth muscle and glands of GI tract)
Quick reminder about Neurons - Answers Cell body=soma=neurosoma (nucleus and organelles)
Several dendrites (receive signals)
what is a twitch - Answers single contraction of one muscle fiber produced by single stimulus
(not useful by itself)
what is the sequence of a twitch - Answers stimulus
contraction
relaxation
what are the muscle fiber types - Answers Fast glycolytic (white meat)
Fast oxidative-glycolytic
Slow oxidative (dark meat)
What is fast glycolytic? - Answers fastest twitch (fast myosin)
glycolysis for ATP
quick bursts
fatigues quickly
what is fast oxidative-glycolytic - Answers both aerobic respiration and glycolysis
fast myosin
fatigues less quickly
what is slow oxidative - Answers aerobic respiration
slow myosin
low fatigue
what is the latent period - Answers between stimulus and contraction
AP propagates
Ca++ released
what is contraction - Answers cross-bridge cycle
what is relaxation - Answers Ca++ pumped back to SR
Cross-bridges detach
what are the frequencies of stimulation - Answers Treppe
,Wave summation
Incomplete tetanus
Complete tetanus
what is treppe - Answers next stimulus comes at end of previous stimulus
increase to max tension over 30-50 stimuli
what is wave summation - Answers next stimulus comes before previous relaxation is over
what is incomplete tetanus - Answers sustained high frequency of stimulation
wave summation
reaches plateau
quick periods of partial relaxation
what is complete tetanus - Answers very high frequency of stimulation (no relaxation allowed)
max tension
rapid Actions Potentials
Sustained high Ca++ in sarcoplasm
what is tetanus - Answers Lock-jaw
Clostridium tetani
anaerobic bacterium
tetanus neurotoxin-tetanospasmin(protein)
tetanic spasms leads to respiratory failure
what is muscle contraction - Answers tension generated by muscle = sum of tensions
generated by its fibers
Variation in tension of muscle - frequency of stimulation and number of fibers contracting at
once
what is a motor unit - Answers 1 motor neuron + all fibers it controls
can be small: 4-6 fibers like eye muscles, or large: 1000-2000 fibers like the rectus femoris
they intermingle to distribute force on tendon
, what is motor unit summation/recruitment - Answers motor units are split up and turned on one
by one until required tension is achieved
activation of increasing number of motor units
what is asynchronous motor unit summation - Answers some units rest, while others contract
what are the types of contraction - Answers Isometric - muscle generates tension/does NOT
shorten
Isotonic - muscle generates tension/muscle changes length:2 types
what are the 2 types of isotonic muscle changes - Answers Concentric - shortens
Eccentric - lengthens
what are the functions of the nervous system - Answers 1) Sensory - recognize changes in the
environment
2) Integration - analysis of sensory info, info storage, decisions
3) Motor - signals to effectors (muscles or glands)
what is the organization of the nervous system - Answers Central NS
Peripheral NS
Cranial nerves (straight out of brain)
what is the sensory division of PNS - Answers Somatic senses: touch nociception,
proprioception, etc
Special senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell
what is the motor division of PNS - Answers Somatic NS: voluntary (skeletal muscle)
Autonomic NS: involuntary (split into 3 subdivisions)
what are the subdivisions of autonomic nervous system - Answers Sympathetic: fight or flight
(smooth & cardiac muscle & glands)
Parasympathetic: rest and digest (smooth & cardiac muscle & glands)
Enteric: controls digestive system (smooth muscle and glands of GI tract)
Quick reminder about Neurons - Answers Cell body=soma=neurosoma (nucleus and organelles)
Several dendrites (receive signals)
